Research On Salary Institution Of Central Government's Civilian Of Jin Dynasty

The study of salary institution is an important aspect of research in successive Chinese bureaucracy, it directly relates to the management system of ancient Chinese officials, it is not only an important political significance, but it also contains a profound economic as well as the social significance. since the ancient Chinese salary institution was established to the Jin Dynasty, it had been through pre-Qin, Qin and Han, the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Sui, Tang, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty and many other historical stages. The salary institution always chained with the reform of bureaucracy, however, it restructured, the salary institution is still the rule of an important component of the ancient national political function.The salary institution of Jin Dynasty was reformed built on the adoption of Tang, Song, and Liao Dynasty, with the generation of Jin Dynasty, the salary institution always changed with the reform of burearcracy, from the overall development of the salary institution of the central government's civilian in Jin Dynasty, it could be roughly divided into four stages: the grassroots period, the development period, the competitive period, and the destruction and revocation period.This paper is to study the salary for civilian of the central government from"Zheng Long Bureaucracy". After the officials were award by the rank, the salary came accompany. The duty rank was the basis of the civilian's salary in Jin Dynasty, the basic salary of civilian officials was posed by the money, grain, and clothing, it is different from the local official which had field as their salary, the central government official didn't have the field. The gap of salary from the different ranks in central government was huge, the higher rank, the more obvious difference. The disparity of the salary amount among the high, medium and low level officials was also tremendous, this was just the hierarchy of feudal society in the institution of salary.The content of salary was not only the basic wages, but also the subsidies, and the subsidies mainly included inn and horse places, certificates of daily expenses, granting of home after officials'death and so on.. In addition, there was a kind of servant money which could be seen as the regular revenue outside the salary.Employing the part-time officials in Jin Dynasty was a common phenomenon. There were different orders of salary institution in the generation of Jin Dynasty. Before Hailing, in addition to receive their own salary, they also could enjoy the part-time job's salary. After Hailing ascended, he adjusted the salary of the part-time job, their salary changed from the"both giving"to"received from high", the amount of salary had reduced, but also embodied the salary system progress. Shizong did a further adjustment of part-time salary in Dading years, the part-time officials no longer received the salary under their ranks level, but according to the sophistication of duties paid, to a certain extent, taking account into the importance of their duties, but also to a certain extent, it resumed the old"both giving"system. Zhangzong stopped the part-time officials salary in number for four years of Taihe, the part-time officials salary system in Jin Dynasty ended from then on.After the officials retired, paying pension was one of the important contents in the official management system. The treatment of the retired officials was not only linked to vital interests of retired officials, it could also be an encouragement and comfort to the Serving officials at the same time. After the establishment of the retired officials'salary system in Jin Dynasty, the Nvzhen rulers all did a constant adjustment and improvement. The officials in Jin Dynasty usually retired at the age of sixty, but there were also happened above seventy or under sixty years old. The most retired officials took the"semi-payment"system.In addition to the regular basic payment and subsidies, the reward from the court to the official could be used as a disguised form of salary. In Jin Dynasty, there were plenty rewards to all of the officials, the main reward included money, gold and silver, silk, and also had cattle, horses, sheep, and other fields. From historical records, the granting amounts sometimes were quite substantive. Objected to rewarding conditions, it was closely related to the wishes of the rulers which had a great randomness. In Jin Dynasty, for someone who have been at fault and was not very serious, the court will usually used salary as a means of punishment, it also happened on the civilian officials, this kind of punishment was generally divided into two forms.The royal in Jin Dynasty had different kinds of ways to get the salary, such as on duty for the payment, but there were also some other royals got the payment out of the rank duties. In the Jin Dynasty which was led by the nation of Nvzhen, the payment gave to royals from the rulers was very generous. Attendants as entering officials, they also received salary, but compared to the officials in the center government, the gap was huge.The contents of salary for both officials and attendants were basic wages and the subsidies. Basic wages had money, grain, and clothing. Subsidence such as inn and horse places, certificates of daily expenses, grant of home after officials dead, and so on, they always paid money. The money in the basic wages was mainly the coins and notes. Apart from money, the salary also included physical items, such as grain and clothing. Su took the most important part in grain, besides, there were a small number of Qu, Mi, and Mai. The clothing was contained of Luo, Ling, Juan, and Mian.In the payment of money, they early used the old money from Liao and Song Dynasty, after Hailing issued notes in the second year of Zhenyuan, some notes was used as a part of salary. As the extensive used of notes and the constant changing of politics, the payment of money had changed a lot, the phenomenon that notes was mainly paid of the salary had come. At the end of Jin Dynasty, as the increasing fierce of inflation, notes were undervalued to a great extent. Although the rulers changed the politics of notes repeatedly, it also couldn't dull the situation of poor from the inflation and the rising price, the economy of Jin Dynasty faced to collapse. The vicious circle of inflation still made the notes too cheap to trade in the market. The rapid aggravate inflation caused the official who depending on the salary had dropped the living standard badly.To sum up, the change of Jin Dynasty civilian officials'salary institution always came with the bureaucracy reformation, and constantly changing under the influence of political and economic environment. In Jin Dynasty, the northern social-economic began to rehabilitate and develop from Xizong, through Hailing, at Shizong and Zhangzong period, it went to acme. In this period, the Bureaucracy had also undergone two major reforms, the salary institution was established from grassroots stage, to a gradual development and ultimately formed to a complete institution, which played an important role in a state of political domination in the generation of Jin Dynasty.