An Analysis On The Language Characteristics Of Ernest Hemingway's Novels With Lexical And Grammatical Cohesion Approach

Many linguists have discussed the features of reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction, reiteration etc. as discourse rhetorical devices. Halliday and Hasan systematically studied them as a special linguistic phenomenon. M.A.K Halliday & Hasan gave a thorough analysis on cohesive devices in Cohesion in English. Cohesion attracts much attention from then on. Cohesion refers to the semantic connection between linguistic elements within one discourse, that is, the semantic connection between one element and another understandable element. Cohesion is the core of the study on text analysis and the basis of text understanding. Based on Halliday and Hasan's cohesion theory and cognitive metaphor theory, this thesis analyzes the main cohesive devices in Hemingway's novels not only in lexicology and grammar, but also in discourse.According to study metaphor is a kind of thinking mechanism and thinking basis of conceptual extension and discourse semantic integrity. Lakoff and Johnson (1980) said: "metaphor is a pervasive phenomenon in our life not only in language but also in thinking and actions. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980:3). Thus, Metaphor plays an important role in defining the way we perceive the world and the way we think and act towards that perceived world. M. A. K. Halliday put forward Grammatical Metaphor Theory in the 1980s, which marked the beginning of the theoretical study on GM. Halliday believes that the language system includes semantic, lexical-grammatical and phonological levels as well as metaphor mechanism. Semantic and grammatical metaphor mechanism makes it possible an incongruent realization of meanings involving transference between one language form and many semantemes in semantic and lexical-grammatical levels. Grammatical metaphor is divided into two kinds: ideational metaphor (conceptual metaphor) and interpersonal metaphor. Martin and other scholars put forward textural metaphor on the basis of them. The thesis analyzes the language characteristics of Ernest Hemingway's novels according to metaphorical thinking and discourse cohesion theory.This thesis falls into seven chapters. The first chapter introduces the studying of cohesion theory at home and abroad as well as the purpose of the thesis. The second chapter gives the theoretical foundations and a thorough analysis of grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion and cognitive metaphor theory. The third chapter exemplifies the structure of grammatical cohesion in Ernest Hemingway's novels and analyzes the characteristics of his language structure. The fourth chapter studies lexical cohesion in Ernest Hemingway's novels and analyzes the features of his words. The fifth chapter focuses on the cohesive functions of conceptual metaphor in Hemingway's novels. The sixth chapter is mainly about grammatical metaphor and interpersonal cohesion in his novels and generalizes his language characteristics. The last chapter is the conclusion of this thesis. On the basis of the above analysis, it tells us the limitations of the thesis and some advice for the future study.