The Study On Common Security And The Construction Of Security Community

Security dilemma is a type of universal "social state", which arises primarily from widespread, absolute and mutual suspicion and dread in the international society under anarchy without common regulations. "Common security"(including"cooperative security"), which is a kind of more advanced and successful paradigm of many concepts, aims at mitigating and eliminating the"security competition".There are diversiform ways to achieve "common security", of which the theory of "security community"basing on the social constructivism provides a new angle to comprehend and analyze "peaceful change"of international relations. The concept of "security dilemma"reflects the operating state of international system, and analyzes how the self-help of nation, the power unit in the international society under anarchy, led to the arms race and military conflict. There are three viewpoints about the emergence of "security dilemma", which hold respectively that it stemmed from the dilemma of the choosing of security policy, the judgment of security intention, and the choosing of security measures for a certain nation. The above points follow the analytic logic of realism. Classical realism considers that the "security dilemma"is the "security competition"as the result of the agents'"power expansion"; structural realism believes that security is the primary target under anarchy, and nations would pursue the objects of peace, benefits and power, etc. only when the existence is assured; offensive or aggressive realism holds that the essential of "security dilemma"means the evaluations of improving security for one nation often reduce another national security. Security dilemma is the essential trait of international politics and an inevitable state for nations, which is described by realism and discussed by constructivism differently. The latter deems that security dilemma is a type of social regulation system of"inter-subjectivity", which is constructed by the social interaction. On the one hand, the agents'behavior produces the different rules including anarchy, which maybe lead to the security dilemma; on the other hand, the social practice could change the nature of anarchy via changing the agents'"inter-subjectivity",which make them get rid of "security dilemma"and build up the security community finally. Concretely speaking, constructivism considers that the evolution and development of anarchy contain the Hobbes culture, Locke culture, and the Kant culture, of which the Kant culture means the settlement of security dilemma. Realization of international common security is often regarded as the most significant "identification promoter"in the course from security dilemma to the security community. It came into being as the opposite to the east-west antagonism, especially the strategic nuclear deterrent in the Cold War Era. So the essential of common security raised by Palme Committee means gain the security not against but with the opponent together. In the 1980s, the CSCE achieved the notable development with the collapse of the two-pole system gradually. Basing the above, there emerged a new security concept in the region of Asia-Pacific: "Cooperative Security". In a sense, "cooperative security"can be regarded as a sort of "common security"with a broader concept, which means dismiss the antagonism and deterrent, seek the common interests with the most effort, narrow the difference viacommunication, strengthen the cooperation from junior to senior, make rules and safeguard international peace together. Compared with the "common security", "cooperative security"is a more accurate and flexible concept, and appears more operable and living. The common security(cooperative security) is achieved when the "security community"is built up. As the earliest theory which tried to realize the "peaceful change"of the international relations after the ⅡWar, "security community"means to eliminate all sorts of material and mental dread of the security dilemma among the nations. For constructivism, the security community is a course of recognition and socialization of collective identity, whose concept is based on three premises: the nation is the main actor of the international system; the principal structure of international system is not material but commutative; the national identity and interests are based on the above structure predominantly ,getting rid of the external nature of man and domestic politics. As Karl W. Deutsch considering, "security community"means that the members trust each other and pledge to resolve the conflict without armed force. The security community can be divided into "amalgamated"and "pluralistic"security community as for the degree of political union, and into "loosely"and "tightly"security community as for the trust and rules. Generally speaking, the essential traits of security community, which contain respectively the members holding the collective identity and the common value, all-round and direct communication among the members, and the community with a certain state of mutual benefit and other-regarding, reflect the capacity of members to settle conflict. In addition, the security community is different from other security relations, such as securityinstitution, national union and collective security, etc.. How the security community is achieved under the anarchy of international society? The answers come from two paradigms at present: communication affiliation paradigm raised by Karl W. Deutsch;and Pash dependence paradigm raised by Immanuel Adler。The former is based on the analysis of "integration theory", and includes three development stages: regions at the core and the social acknowledgement; "taking-off"and the integration development; surmounting "threshold"and the realization of community. Immanuel Adler made the "three-state scheme"on the construction of security community, that is "Pash dependence paradigm". He presumed that the junior factors provided the conditions for the appearance of senior factors, and the senior factor was the foundation of the more advanced factors, which formed the "sense of community"and "the believable expectations of peaceful change". This paradigm includes initial, development and perfect states generally, which mixes the historical experience of Western Europe, the U.S., Canada and the ASEAN, and describes the realization process of security community clearly. The building-up of security community is not a natural course. As a type of international relations theory for idealismus, there are many problems and controversies on its premises, point views, concepts and research logic. First, the state-chain of "mutual contact —mutual dependence —collective identity —security community"is uncertain usually; Second, the two paradigms all encounter the "consequence rupture"for absence or avoidance the accurate interpretation of "sufficient conditions"; Finally, the limitation of factors and concepts leads to the ignorance of foundational effect of...