Anarchy And National Status

Anarchy is a traditional question in the theory of international relations. Status of nation is a conception that result from constructivism. Constructivism's study in relations between anarchy and status of nation have threatened basic assumptions in realism. So realists have to strengthen analysis on this question Part one: argument on anarchy connotation in schools of theories Main schools of thought have principal divisions on anarchy's connotion,especially between realism and constructivism. Realist have thought of anarchy and national self-help and struggle for power as a whole. there are two parts on realistic premises,the first is national nature is egoistic, the second is anarchy constrain international system's ability to limit national selfish action. Liberalism accept the basic assumptions of realism, evade the power factors in international society and concentrate the study on non-power fields. So realism and liberalism gradually become resemble. Constructivism criticize realism rigidly on two aspects: on the methodology, constructivism argue against realistic notion that national status and interest originate in the system's effect. On the ontology, constructivism argues that international society structure consist of shared-culture of which role-identity is the main part, so constructivist substitute study on system for role-identity structure. Part two:co-construction between national identity and anarchy Theory of nation identity contain three parts:Firstly, Wendt generalizes four types of identity and points out identity is the key factor connecting the system to units .Secondly, Theory of nation identity belongs to systemic theory. Role-identity constitute core content of anarchy, antecedent condition of which is which role-enemy, opponent, friend-is decisive in the system. Thirdly, Theory of nation identity contain systemic evolution. Interdependence,commom fate and assimilation are the objective factors which construct the objective environment in which distribution of ideals can produce. Self-constraint is the subjective factor that is the core factor making other three factors meaningful. Constructivists are the holist, they insist on both units'action and identity and interest originate in systemic structure. In the international relation field, relations of structure-agency is embodied in the relations of international system and nation. National practice and interaction formulate shared-culture on identity in interaction level and systemic level. Part three: realistic criticism to the identity of constructivism On the one hand, constructivism realizes gap on the realistic study between the macro-level and micro-level, then hold the balance both of them by the theory of co-construction .Constructivism is good at explaining systemic evolution as well. On the other hand,constructivism is not a perfect paradigm. Realist questions constructivism on three aspects. Firstly, realist regards national selfishness as a natural result what the nation govern a special society .Realist question if the international society has enough ability to make the nation rebuild identity and interest. Secondly, on the connotations of national identity, realist points out hierarchy is principal content of national identity. Identity concept in constructivism is to disclose the intense degree of the international relations. Contrarily, realistic identity concept is to express the distribution of power among nations. Thirdly, on the evolution of anarchy, realist denies the possibility of identification. Generally, divergence of views between realism and constructivism refers to how we differ politics from society. The key to divergence is in what degree rule in society can be practice in politics. Part four: rethought of realism studying plan Lakatoes think a precise science need a series of assertions on the nature of studying object, and at the same time, scholar has to design supplementary assumptions to hold the core assumptions. The core assumptions in realism contain two parts. The first is mankind's nature is egoistic, which means cooperation can not improve nation's moral progress. The second is that anarchy is condition hard to conquer. In anarchy a nation can not seek independent authority ,justice and law may lose at any time. Arguing with the...