The Institutional Analysis On Poverty Of Chinese Farmers

Practically, the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and China's State Council has published a series of documents on the issues of agriculture, countryside and farmers (the Three Rural Issues) in recent years, which demonstrates that the Party and government attach great importance to the issues of farmers. The enaction of the Three Rural Issues, the agenda of "building socialist new countryside" policy, the rural reform of taxation and expense, the four No. 1 documents on the Three Rural Issues in recent four years, which embody that the issue of farmers has been a focus in China nowadays. The issue of farmers is related to China's further development, the enhancement of overall national power, improvement of people's living standards as well as social stability and harmony.Theoretically, there are many deferent academic researches on the issue of farmers. Scholars from various academes and theoretical schools hold their own views. Some of them have exerted, while some should be improved in future, however, the researches contribute the issue of farmers, which is worthy to praise. The issue of farmers is the core of the Three Rural Issues, while the poverty of farmer is the key to the issue of farmers, which has formed a consensus. The comprehension and resolve on this issue have been put into views, especially focus the enlargement of investment to resolve the issue of farmers'poverty. The increase of financial investment on the Three Rural Issues is of government's responsibility, which realize farmer's share on public finance fairly. It's impossible to solve the issue by the concern of external investment but ignore the inherent mechanism of poverty dispelling.The author focus on the issue of farmer's poverty in the perspective of new Institutional School according as the relevant theory on farmers'production activities tying to technology and its innovation, technology innovation requests institutional supply, institutional innovation advances technology innovation. By analyzing the connotation of Chinese farmers'poverty as well as exploring the institutional and technical causes and methods, the author draws a conclusion that the land institutional innovation and technical innovation are the key to this issue. The paper aims at supplement and innovation to relevant theory as well as views and advice on the reform practice. There are four parts in the paper.Part One focuses the comprehension on the cognition of Chinese farmers'poverty. Firstly, the comprehension on the cognition of poverty. The author preliminarily defines the cognition on the basis of the development context of poverty cognition and domestic and overseas researches. Secondly, the summarization and comment on academic views of farmers'poverty as follows: poverty of income, poverty of rights and poverty of institution. The author believes that poverty of institution is key to farmer's poverty. Thirdly, the author analyze the necessary and feasibility on Chinese farmers'poverty in perspectives of institution and technology.Part Two aims at the general theories of institution and the technology. Firstly, the comprehension on the cognition of institution and technology. The author believes that institution is constant behavior rules on social activities as well as serving instruments of exploring human potential, while technology is tool on harmonizing the relationship between human and nature, embodying environmental restriction, serving human, exploring natural resources as well as enhancing means on human wealth. Secondly, deferent schools'theories on institution and technology. As follows: Marxist plutonomy, neoclassicism school, new Institutional School, developing economics and so on. Thirdly, the relevant relation between institution and technology. The paper aims the Marxist dialectic relation between institution and technology on basis of analysis of Veblen and North.Part Three, institutional and technical reasons of Chinese peasants'poverty. First is the technical reason. Second is institutional reason: the land institution as the example. Third, institutional restriction on technology leads farmers'poverty. The author's views are land institution, restriction of agricultural system of science and technology, restriction of rural educational system.Part Four, reply for Chinese farmers'poverty in institutional and technical horizon. First, technical innovation on the poverty of Chinese farmers. Secondly, institutional innovation of promotion on technical progress. The author discuss on stabilifying and improving land institution, promoting technological progress of agriculture, deepening the agricultural reform of science and technology, promoting technological progress of agriculture, deepening the rural reform of the educational system as well as enhancing investment and accumulation of human resource.Due to the author's academic limitation, some parts of the paper need to be enriched and developed. For example, the author's institutional analysis on the poverty of farmers is slightly weak; the lack of understanding on the developing tendency of China's technical innovation, especially the discussion on promotion of institutional innovation towards transfer of labor force. In a long-term view, the transformation of labor force caused by the tendency of mechanized production will be a issue of institutional innovation. At present, the transfer is spontaneous, such as farmers go to work in cities. Meanwhile, as the weakening of the household registration system, the cities have begun to accept the farmers gradually; laborer transfer is on the process. The government should accelerate the shift of rural labor force to promote the institutional innovation in order to ease farmers'poverty by assisting the tendency of mechanized production. Finally, the author considers that this paper is summarization and supplement to the previous researches as well as the extension and innovation on study perspective. The author will continue research on it in the future, additionally, studies on this issue will be appreciated. The paper is not the end of the issue but the beginning of further study.