The Equality And Justice In The Institutional Arrangement:the Institutional Analysis Of The Equality Of Opportunities In Higher Education

The research object of this paper is the analysis of the mechanisms affecting the equal opportunities in higher education and the core of the problem is equality and justice in the institutional arrangement of the opportunities in higher education. Recently, the migration for the sake of the College Entrance Examination (CEE) becomes more and more serious and this cause deep reflection on the CEE mechanisms and institutional arrangement in higher education. Migration for CEE is a challenge for the unfair arrangement in the current educational system, therefore, if we want to discuss the deep causes of the migration for CEE, we should first consider the problem of equality in the opportunities for higher education and the factors that influence this arrangement. In the sphere of sociology, education and the related questions of equality and justice are all marginal topics. This undoubtedly depends on the research interests and theoretical orientation of the sociologists. For instance, Max. Weber held that the neutral stand is an iron law that all sociologists should obey and thus all the topics related to equality and justice is thrown out of the research range of the sociologists. In fact education is the most powerful means in the realization of the reform of social structure and the transformation between generations. The socialization and the social flowing of individuals are all dependent on the degree and level of the education received and they also affect the realization of people's value and goal. Therefore, the equality in educational opportunities not only concerns with the flowing of individual but also determines the fairness of social arrangement and people's recognition of it. To Chinese society, the consideration of the educational opportunities presents three factors that make the problem even more complex. First, our educational resources are limited and the population who need education is huge and the contradiction between the two is the first problem we will have to face. Second, the long existed division between cities and countryside makes the realization of equal opportunities in higher education unbelievably complex. This institutional arrangement not only affect the equal distribution of educational resources, it also causes prejudices between cities and countryside. Third, the reforms we presented in higher education are all "dramatic ones", that is to say all the institutional reforms are dramatic and not well prepared. In the course of the reform, nothing is stable and not all are accepted and recognized by the public and thus there is no unity in the ideological level. Against this background, our improvement of the equality in the opportunities of higher education is in essence a problem of institutional arrangement, ie, the problem of equality and justice in the educational arrangement. In other words, it means only under the mechanism presenting equality and justice can the equality in higher education be realized. Since the reform and the opening door policy, great achievements have been made in the field of education, including the number of people getting education, the enlargement of higher education, the improvement of educational facilities and the construction of the teacher group. However, due to the lack of attention to the problems of equality and justice when designing the current educational mechanisms, the result is serious. The problems include: the historic and real predicament in the distribution of the resources of higher education, the predicament of fairness in the mechanism of CEE, the predicament of our country and individuals in the problem of tuition. All these predicaments set...