The Research On The Academies In Chaling

Currently, there are few researches on academies in Chaling, especially, the studies on special cases is insufficient. What's more, overall and systematic researches are less than needed. This thesis tries to offer a systematic discussion on academies in Chaling in terms of their origin, development, classification, teaching staff, engraved books, talents cultivation, society influence and other aspects, in order to offer some references and experience.This thesis comprises three major sections: introduction, text, and conclusion. In the introduction, which is the first chapter, the thesis briefly illustrates the present researching status of academies in Chaling, pointing out that the researches on academies in Chaling are just at beginning now, and they have not aroused much attention, besides, the researching scopes are too narrow, and the studying levels are too shallow, and researchs and studies are lack of systematic clarification and carefully examinating and correcting.The text includes chapter two, chapter three, chapter four, chapter five, and chapter six. Chapter two is about the education before South Sung Dynasty in Chaling. It introduces the stem and background of Chaling private schools before South Sung Dynasty, arguing that Chaling private schools appeared earlier than academies did, and this chapter also gives a brief summarization of the schools run by government and the situation of academies in Chaling. This chapter is divided into two sections: the first one is the origin of private schools; the second one is the schools run by government and the academies. Chapter three is an outline of academies'history of development in Chaling. It explores the problems of academies in Chaling and introduces the development of the academies during the past dynasties. This chapter is composed of four sections, and these are academies in Chaling in South Sung Dynasty, the ones in Yuan Dynasty, the ones in Ming Dynasty, and ones in Qing Dynasty. Chapter four is about teachers and talents in academies in Chaling. It introduces some famous deans and teachers in academies in Chaling, pointing out that the ancient academies in Chaling were the top academies in Hunan Province, which were benefited from abundant human resources of education and teaching. Besides, it offers a statistic of the number of candidates who had succeed in the highest imperial examiniations in the past and gives a list of their names. This chapter is made up of three sections: some deans in academies in Chaling, some famous teachers in academies in Chaling, and talents cultivating in academies in Chaling. Chapter five is about the features of the development of academies in Chaling. It points out the characteristics which academies in Chaling formed during its process of development, highlighting that it is the achieved scholars of Chaling who unweariedly pursued learning that provided a huge impetus to the development of academies in Chaling. This chapter can be further divided into the following five sections: private schools became the main part of academies in Chaling; the layout is reasonable, which formed a hierachical school running style; the whole scale is large and functions are complete; the achivement in book engraving is outstanding; the runing of the school has prominent features. Chapter six is about the influences of academies in Chaling on the native culture. This chapter mainly discusses the influences of academies in Chaling on the development of native culture, including the cultivating of students'personality, the purifying of their soul, the edifying of their sentiment, the forming of their philosophy and value, and also the deep influences on the change of whole social awareness, social custom, and on the improvement of social moral. This chapter includes three sections: the promotion to form a custom of respecting teachers and education, the encouragement to develop a trend of being diligent and pursuing studies, and the acceleration to the social civilization,etc.It concludes that, in the history of Chaling, the academies greatly promoted the development of education and even the whole society, which had a great influence on the later generations, therefore, the academies in Chaling played a very significant role in history.