Study On The Reform Thoughts Of Zhang Bai-xi

Zhang Bai-xi, as one of the key men of new deal, his reform thoughts and practices in new deal period of late Qing was studied in this paper, which was divided into five parts.The chapterⅠwas general introduction and the status and shortcomings of researches on Zhang Bai-xi in history field were briefly introduced. As the same time, the research significance of Zhang Bai-xi's reform thoughts and the value of the paper's subject selection were introduced and analyzed roundly. At last, the writing thought of the paper was presented.The main contents of the chapter II were the life of Zhang Bai-xi and the historical background of his reform thoughts. Zhang Bai-xi's family, early life and official career were introduced briefly. The above-mentioned factors'affected on his reform thoughts'formation, development and features. The historical background and conditions of his reform thoughts'formation, development and practice were analyzed through time, education and see life background. The results showed that, under the late Qing dynasty new deal reform background, his reform thoughts was formed and developed by inheriting, adjusting and perfecting reformists'reform thoughts under the stimulation of domestic worries and overseas troubles, the promotion of westernization movement and reform movement。His reform thoughts not only were affected by Confucian education and Hunan culture, but also in close contact with western science he contacted and received. Moreover, the ideological level of his friends had important influence on his reform thoughts.In ChapterⅢ, Zhang Bai-xi's reform thoughts content was summarized and analyzed from political, educational, economic and military aspects. The characteristics of his reform thoughts were summarized through analysing and comparing with the reform thoughts of Zhang Zhi-dong and Kang and Liang. Compared to Zhang Zhi-dong, the prominent feature of Zhang Bai-xi's reform thought is driven by patriotism and the purpose of salvation is much more important than to save the rule of the Qing government. His thoughts were relative radical and belong to the bourgeoisie reform thoughts. While Compared to Kang and Liang, his reform thoughts were not starting from theory and eager to fully realize ideal bourgeoisie constitutional monarchy model, but criticizing the current social evils sharply, keeping old and finding new thoughts, digesting chinese and western, dealing with concrete matters and removing deficiencies and relatively mild and steady.The main contents of the chapter IV were the reform practice and achievements of Zhang Bai-xi.The reform thoughts practice and achievement were introduced through the following three aspects: educatain practice and reform effect, repairing the road that Cixi coming from Xi'an to Beijing, and cleaning up government. At the same time, the reasons resulting in the asymmetric of his reform thoughts and reform achievements was given by analyzing the political identity, political situation, the late Qing Dynasty council, the reform thoughts features, interpersonal relationships, talents'help and personality characteristics. Results showed that Zhang Bai-xi, finally unfortunately died only earned limited success and failed to complete his reform project, nor did he achieve his "Four Seas annals". The reasons included the following background in late Qing period:be strong without but feeble within, political situation being controlled by royal family and aristocrats and local governors, the struggle for power situation. Because of the constraints of only one of the department heads under late Qing political status and his Han nationality, despite repeated adjustments and compromise or concession through his reform practice, the achievements were still poor for interpersonal relationships and the shortage of talent. Moreover, his personality characteristics that can not adapt to bureaucratic intrigues exacerbated his failure.The chapterⅤwas conclusion. The conclusion part contents were the qualitative analysis and evaluation of Zhang Bai-xi and his thoughts. Zhang Bai-xi transforms from the feudal scholar-bureaucrat into the bourgeoisie reform thinker gradually and his reform thoughts belong to the bourgeoisie reform thoughts category. Zhang Bai-xi is a political reformer who is bold in making innovations and dare to think and act. He is one of modern education pioneers that made outstanding contributions to the China educates modernizing. It is a pity that his destiny and reform project cannot jump out the defeat's pattern of late Qing dynasty's new deal and the tendency of Qing Dynasty rule's end. Finally, he and his reform project are doomed to end by the tragedy.