| Agriculture is a foundation industry, at the same time, it is also a feeble constitution industry. At present agriculture in our country is being in the transitional stage from traditional agriculture to modern agricultural development. The degree of modernization of agricultural infrastructure ,science and technology are enhanced unceasingly, but unexpected natural disasters and market risks often threaten advancement of agricultural development. Agricultural development objectively need transfer risks through agricultural insurance. Especially after China joined in World Trade Organization (WTO), the protection of agriculture is defined to the non-price protection in a great degree, but agricultural insurance have already been one of the most important tools of non-price protection of agriculture on international. Related agreement of World Trade Organization explicitly stipulated that governments can participate in agricultural insurance in finance to support their country agriculture. Taking development of modern agricultural insurance into important agenda again, establishing and consummating agricultural insurance system which suits our national condition have positive and practical significance to further strengthening agricultural ability of disasters' resistance and guaranteeing stable development of rural areas.Each country takes agricultural insurance seriously in the world. The various countries' governments regard agricultural insurance as one part of the policies of countryside relief, agriculture loan, price protection of agricultural products, farmers' welfare and so on to stabilize agricultural production and increase the farmers' income. Moreover, majority countries all by governments formulate, implement plans of agricultural insurance, pour into fund, bear all or partial management fees of agricultural insurance, and give certain subsidies to peasant households' expenses; When there are significant disasters, the governments also give certain subsidies. At the same time, many countries for making up the market mechanism flaws of disposition resources, all increase the governments' ability of intervening agricultural insurance through legislation to guarantee smooth development of agricultural insurance. In 1938, America took the lead to promulgate "Federation Crops Law of Insurance". Hereafter, many countries legislated one after another. Canada passed and promulgated "Crops Law of Insurance" in 1959. Japan in 1929, 1938 and 1947 promulgated three related agricultural laws of insurance, namely "Domestic Animal Law of Insurance", "Agricultural Law of Insurance" and "Agricultural Disaster Compensation Laws". In September, 1978, Philippine president signed and issued "Presidential Order of Establishing Philippine Crops Insurance Company", that is "Crops Law of Insurance".Compared with overseas agricultural insurance, agricultural insurance in our country has developed slowly since agricultural insurance was restored and set up as an experiment at the beginning of 1980s. At present, management of agricultural insurance in our country no matter is from the legal construction, environmental government, insurance main body cultivation, insurance pattern foundation, financial and tax revenue support and so on, all cannot meet the needs, which agricultural economy develops unceasingly. All these have leftbehind very big research space and exploration leeway for agricultural insurance topic.This paper takes theory of probability law of averages as a foundation, takes welfare economics theory, exterior theory, public goods theory as well as theory of asymmetric information as instruction, uses methods of comparative analysis, historical analysis, logic analysis, statistical analysis and so on, and carries on researches comprehensively and the systematically on existing problems of agricultural insurance system and its origins in our country. Main contents include following several aspects:1 n Carry on analysis to research background and developmental strategy significance of agriculture insurance in our country, then elaborate the vital role to agricultural producer, agricultural reproduction, agricultural advance in science and technology and agricultural industrial production development from the angle of the agricultural insurance's role to the agricultural development.2^ On the base of analyzing theory bases of developing agriculture insurance, agricultural insurance's concept is defined. The agricultural insurance is born in general insurance principles of property insurance and life insurance, but until now about agricultural insurance's definition, the world insurance academic circle still does not have unit saying. In order to be convenient for this paper's study, the paper divides agricultural insurance into generalized and the narrow sense, and defines agricultural insurance in this paper in the narrow sense agricultural insurance, thus summaries agricultural insurance's characteristics.3 > Carry on analyses to current situation, problems and origins of agricultural insurance system in our country. As early as in 1930s, our country once carried on agricultural insurance experiments. In 1982, two years latter after internal commercial insurance recovery of business, agricultural insurance experiments are made start afresh in our country, continuously to present. In short more than twenty years, agricultural insurance in our country restored, started, moved towards the prosperity, in 1993 suddenly declined, and until now has took on the situation that it has comprehensively withered. The concrete manifestations are the large scale drop of insurance premium income, gradual reduction of objects insured every year, the rapid shrinking of insurance organizations, the career change of jobholders in abundance and the depth insured to reduce unceasingly. These reasons both come from the insurance companies' aspect-supply factors and from the farmers' aspect-demand factors, at the same time they also have governments' factors. Insurance companies' aspect: First, insurance companies' commercial characters and no profit of agricultural insurance compromise with difficulty; Second, calculation system of insurance company and management principles of agricultural insurance form a complete set with difficulty; Third, paying damages' rate of agricultural insurance is too high and insurance companies lose money seriously; Forth, management work's difficulties of agricultural insurance are big; Finally, supply main body of agricultural insurance is unitary and insurance premium and safe varieties do not adapt to farmers' demand. Farmers' aspect: Premium rate of agricultural insurance is excessively high and farmers realize their effective demand with difficulty; Farmers' insurance consciousness is light and they have lucky psychology; Farmers still have strong dependence on government's relief, which are the most main three reasons that farmers are not willing to buy agricultural insurance. Agricultural insurance supplies of insurance company are insufficient;Farmers are unable to realize effective demand of agricultural insurance; Supply and demand are unbalanced. To all these, government has responsibilities which cannot be shirked. Therefore factors in government's aspect mainly manifest in: Agricultural insurance's legislation seriously lags; Financial support is far insufficient; Reduction of tax revenue is very little.4^ In view of problems and their origins of agriculture insurance system in our country, the countermeasures are designed to consummate our country's agriculture insurance system. The overseas agricultural insurance, especially in developed countries has a long development history and their successful experiences and procedures have provided much beneficial enlightenment for our country. Therefore on the base of the model of overseas agriculture insurance, the concrete countermeasures of consummating our country's agricultural insurance system are proposed in this article. First, although our country agricultural insurance extant management patterns have some merits, they display enormous unsuitability along with thorough reform of socialist market economy system in our country. This article proposes that agricultural insurance management pattern that fits national condition of our country must be established, namely commercial insurance company management pattern under government's leadership must be established. Second, according to the pattern the following countermeasures are proposed: Formulate and promulgate " Law of Agricultural insurance" as soon as possible; Collect the fund in every way and give agricultural insurance essential financial subsidy and tax revenue preferential benefit; Increase the agricultural insurance propaganda and enhance the farmers' consciousness of insurance; Enhance the level of farmers' income and strengthen the ability that farmers buy agricultural insurance; Strengthen specialized talents' fostering of agricultural insurance and establish a qualified troop of agricultural insurance to guarantee agricultural insurance stable development. |
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