| The plant Akebia trifoliata which is a defoliated or semi-evergreen liana, belongs to Akebia Decne of Lardizabalaceae. Many plants of Lardizabalaceae are commonly used for medical purpose. In China, A. trifoliata has been used as traditional medicine for centuries-old history, and has been recorded in many literatures. The root and caudex can clear the fire in people's body, accelerate pee, regulate catamenia and hasten the exudation of latex. And it has abroad dosage in Chinese medicine. Study shows that there are oleanolic acid and saponins PD in the roots, stems, leaves, fruit and seeds of A. trifoliata. While fruit and seeds are abundant with saponins PD, the stems and roots of A. trifoliata contain oleanolic acid plenty. Also the leaves of A. trifoliata are proved as the medicinalstandards of caulis akebiae containing the codex of ChinaThe structure of the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fiuit and seed of Akebia trifoliata of differentwere studied through scanning electron microscope and paraffin section method. The relationship between the structure and environment was discussed through the ecological research of A. trifoliata of Shaanxi, Hunan, Hubei and other provinces in China. Each apparatus of A. trifoliata were studied with anatomy methods.The results are as follows:1) The primary structure of root of A. trifoliata: root epidermis contains one layer of cells, quadrate. The Casparian strip is not obvious in the endodermis. It has actinostele, and primary xylem is diarch. The secondary structure of root of A. trifoliata includes periderm and secondary vascular tissue from the outer to the inner. The growth ring can not been obviously see. The cortex is well developed. The secondary xylem, which is composed of three parts: the wooden parenchyma cell, the drive pipe and the xylem ray, is half of the root radius in width. The wood-parenchyma is rich. Spacious xylem ray are separated by 1～2 thin xylem ray. The diameter of vessel of root, which has pore chain, is wild. There isn't pith cavity in stem.2) The primary structure of stem of A. trifoliate: The epidermis, which is covered by corneous, is composed by tightly arrayed quadrate cell. The cortex is consisted by 7～10 layers of cells, and its outer cells are collenchyma, containing chloroplast. Inner cells of the cortex are parenchyma, and no endoderm can be found. The infinite collateral bundles form a circle. The secondary structure of stem of A. trifoliata: the transverse section of stem is circinal, with obvious growth ring. It is diffuse-porous wood. The periderm differentiation is obvious, and the periderm, the bast separate easily with the xylem. The beam is obvious, too. In the pericyle. the druse fibrous bundles and the sclereids, containing rystalloid, form the continuous annulus alternately, and the sclereids only present in the relative place with the beam.3) The leaf of A. trifoliata is typical bifacial. The epidermis cells are irregula. The circumscribes outwards stick out obviously to the surface, while the anticlinal walls are sinked. There is veriform cutin on the face of leaf adaxial epidermis, while single cell hair on the upperepidermis. The long-ellipsoidal stomatal apparatus is anomocytic type, which only dist ribute on and sink into abaxial epidermis. The stomata number is 144/mm~2.The mesophyll organization is well developed, splits up into the palisade tissue and the spongy tissue. The palisade tissue, which cells are long -cylindrical, is on the epidermis side, and present vertical to epidermis. There are 2～3 layers of cell of the palisade tissue, with many chloroplasts. The spongy tissue is located between the palisade and the epidermis, and the ratio of palisade tissue and spongy tissue is 2.5: 2.The primary vain has 1～5 bundles, with xylem near the leaf belly, phloem near the leaf base, while cambium in the middle. The transverse section of petiole is circular, and its adaxial side sunk a few. There are 5 vascular bundles disperse in the basic tissue of the leaf petiole transverse section, two of which on the adaxial side are small.4)A. trifoliata is monoecious plant with bisexual flower, male inflorescence and female flower. The calyx of female flower, composed of 4～6 layers of parenchyma cells, is petal like in shape, and seprated. The female flower has parietal placenta and 3～9 carpels, which is columniform. The carpel mainly divide into the column head and the ovary. The style is not obvious and the stigma has the secretion. The ektexine surface of the ovary wall is smooth, no hais or idioblast The stomatal apparatus can be seen. Superior ovary, single room; stamen 6, separation. The filament is flattened, short or none, incurved when blossom. The anther contains fourpollen sacs. The epidermis, fibrous endothecium, mesoderm 2～3 and secretory-type tapetum form the wall of the filament, with the parenchyma cells of the anther separation account for the majority of volumes.5) The anatomical characteristics of fruit of A. trifoliata: It is berries, oblong, and curving slightly, developed from the superior ovary on the ovary. The epicarp of the fruit of A. trifoliata is phellem-like; the sarcocarp is suculence, and the endocarp is composed by one layer of epidermis. The suculence placenta is well developed, composed by meat-paste cells. The dorsal suture will craze in ripe fruit, beneficial to seed dissemination.6) The characteristics of seed of A. trifoliata:The seed of A. trifoliata is small, flat-elliptic, black mostly. The ektexine of seed coat is smooth. It is dicotyledonous seed, has endosperm, composed by seed coat, vertical embryo and plenty of endosperm, white, content massive starch grain. Single regression analysis approach was applied to search the relationship among leaf area length and width of A. trifoliate . The results showed that leaf area of A. trifoliate was linearly proportional to the leaf width and the product of length and width .we can get every microphy's single element equation.Though equation verification .It is feasible .The ANOVA results for the reapeated measurement data showed that there were no significant difference in leaf area of three microphylls.ANOVA approach was applied to search the quantitative characteristic trait of lenives in different areas. The reasults showed that there was an obvious change in quantitative characteristic trait of A. trifoliate's leaf. Correlation ananlysis was used among quantitative characteristic trait. lititude and altitude.The results showed that there's no obivious correlation.A futher study to search the correlation between anatomical quantitative trait and enbironment in five areas where in the same condition .The results showed that the stomataldensity of the plant showed a negative correlation to latitude .The anmal average temperature and extreme high temperature showed a positively correlated to the stamataldensity of the plant. The stomata wideh showed a negative correlated to exterme low temperature .Other quantity characteristics had no obvions relation with environmental factors .The upper most palisade tissue of leaf showed a positively correlated to the annual mean sunlight hours.The underlayer palisade tissue of leaf showed a positiverly palisade tissue of leaf showed a positively correlation to latitude but had a negative correlation to low tempreture.The sponge tissue showed a negative correlation to low tempreture. The leaf thickness showed a positively correlation to annual mean sunlight hours. Other quantity characteristics had no obvious relation with environmental factors. The latitude and annual mean sunlight hours showed a negative correlation to diameter of vesser , but the annual average temperature and effective accumulative tempretuer showed appositively correlation to the diameter of Bessel . The ration of vessel tength to width showed a positively crrelation to latitude , but showed a negative correlation to annual average temperature and effective accumulative temperature.Other quantity characteristics had no obvious relation with environmentics had noobvious relation with environmental factors. |
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