Ming And Qing Qufu Magistrate Dynasty

The county has been in use for more than two thousand years as the grass-roots level administrative region in china's ancient political system,and the county magistrate as chief administrative officials at the grass-roots level in charge of all affairs in a county, including administration,judicature,advised farmers, taxation and education, it directly determines the future of social stability, weal and woe of the people, or even rise and fall of country. Therefore, all ancient rulers made very strict rules to the selection and appointment of county magistrate including the county magistrate's native place, origin, tenure, duties and so on. However, Qufu as the hometown of Confucius who is the founder of Confucianism, it's county magistrate set different.This article attempts take the Qufu county magistrate in Ming and Qing dynasties as a breakthrough point, use local chronicles of Qufu and Shandong province, discuss from the evolution of Qufu county magistrate, native place,origin, tenure and achievements, in order to reveal the reasons of long-term use of the county magistrates whose last name is Kong in Qufu and abolishment during the reign of Qianlong emperor in Qing dynasty. This body comprises five parts:The first part, retrospect the history of Qufu and the evolution of county magistrate, briefly describe the evolution of Qufu county officer's set from Han to Song and Yuan dynasties. The county magistrate whose last name is Kong was used from Yizong emperor of Tang dynasty, it became hereditary office during the Jin and Yuan dynasties.Part two, detailed narrate the process of evolution of Qufu county magistrate in Ming and Qing dynasties. At the beginning of the Ming dynasty, Qufu county magistrate follows old, use hereditary county magistrate, it changed in the seven years after Yuanzhang Zhu became the emperor,was abolished during the rule of Qianlong emperor. Its abolishment was the result of absolutism centralization continued to strengthen.Third section, study on the Qufu county magistrate in the Ming and Qing dynasties from the native place, origin, tenure and achievements, found that the county magistrates whose last name is Kong has its own system, the other county magistrates in Qufu were basically the same with the entire country. From a native point of view, the county magistrate whose last name is Kong did not have to follow the withdrawal system, the other county magistrates can't serving at their hometown or 500 miles from home. Most of the county magistrate whose last name is not Kong were from the South region and adjacent provinces of Shandong. The origin of the county magistrate whose last name is Kong was self-contained and it's restriction was increasingly strict, the origin of the other county magistrates were the same with county magistrates of the national, the majority of them were successful candidate in the highest imperial examinations, second was successful candidate in the imperial examinations at the provincial level and tribute students. The tenure of the county magistrate whose last name is Kong were relatively long, the average term was 11.1 years, more longer than the national average term of the county magistrate of Ming and Qing dynasties, the tenure of the county magistrate whose last name is not Kong was basically same as the county magistrate throughout the country, all of their tenure were lower than three-years and their tenure was shorter and shorter.The county magistrate of Qufu made significant contributions for Qufu and the county magistrate who came from Qufu had particularly prominent achievement.Part IV, summarizes the reason for using the county magistrate whose last name is Kong in Qufu for so long time. The main reason is that Qufu is the hometown of Confucius, is the home of Confucianism, and theory of Confucianism is most suitable for China's national conditions, being praised by ancient rulers, shades of Confucianism in ancient Chinese society is the main cause of county magistrate whose last name is Kong to long-standing, because of this such county magistrate is not just an official position, even the rulers can not to arbitrarily abolish it. In addition, the selection mode determines the feasibility of its long-standing; most of the county magistrates have higher moral character, and made contribution for Qufu.The fifth part is the conclusion part, summarizes the article and the advantages and disadvantages of the county magistrate whose last name is Kong. They growth in local county, know more about the customs and other basic information, it is good for carrying out the transaction and easy to make achievements. There were also disadvantages, for example bribery and abuse of the referral power, this may hinder other local officials in Shandong power.