Sung Ling War And The Vietnam Vassal Relations

Suzerain-vassal relations of Sino-Vietnamese had come into being in early north Sung dynasty, and along with the independent regime of Vietnam appearance, form, and consolidation. Namely in idiographic from Qu Hao founded the first separatist kaiserdom by force of arms in Chiao-chih region in 905 A.D to Le dynasty was ended in 1009 A.D. It had been gone through Qu, Yang, Jiao and Wu four separatist regimes and Dinh and Le dynasty. Hereinto Dinh dynasty, which was established by Dinh Bo Linh is the first feudal dynasty in Vietnamese history. At that time north Sung dynasty was entangled the unifying war in central plains region, and had not time to consider this small nation that located the southwest of China. Besides north Sung government accepted Dinh Lien, the ruler of An-nan as King of Chiao-chih prefecture in 975 A.D, and admitted Dinh dynasty as "one of its vassals". Then, the relationship between Vietnam government and Chinese government had become suzerain-vassal form that is central and district relationship. And the bilateral relation between Sung dynasty and Dinh dynasty was instituted on the basic of Suzerain-vassal relation in polity and the overall economic and cultural exchange.In 979 A.D, north Sung dynasty begun to pay attention to remote area when it have annihilated north Han by using the stratagem of south firstly then north and easiness firstly unified and difficulty afterwards, and have elementary unified central plains. At the same time, Le Hoan usurped the throne in Vietnam. Sung T'ai Tsung tried to seize the opportunity and dominated Vietnam again. So Sung dynasty sent troops execute a punitive expedition on Le Hoan in 980 A.D. But, the weak army and mistake in tactics etc led to be defeated in military, and the effort did not come to be true at last. An-nan defeated Sung army and maintained its independence due to exactitude in tactics. North Sung dynasty had to accept Le Hoan as the ruler of King of Chiao-chih prefecture, also acknowledged the legitimacy of Le Hoan government in 975 A.D. and treated it as vassal again. The Suzerain-vassal relations of Sung dynasty and Le dynasty have been reestablished and maintained until late 19th century.