Localization Of Esoteric Buddhism In Dali, From Shak Chung Shan Grottoes

The grotto caves in the Shizhong Mountain in Jianchuan County , which is famous as the Gem in the Southern China , was excavated in the Nanzhao Kingdom and Dali Kingdom which were about one thousand years ago. It provides many valuable and abundance political , economical , cultural , and social materials to the research to the Nanzhao Kingdom and Dali Kingdom in history of Yunnan with its elegant and vivid statues and artistic representations about religion , royalty's activities , social custom , cultural communication between China and foreign countries, and sexuality worship .During the Nanzhao Kingdom and Dali Kingdom, the Esoteric Buddhism was introduced into the Dali area in Yunnan. From its confliction to adaptation with the local religion of Dali area , the Esoteric Buddhism absorbed civilization from the Confucianism, Daoism, Tibetan Buddhism, and Mahayana Buddhism,etc , and at last turned into a new esoteric sect--Acarya . Due to the supportof royalty and nobilities, Acarya was once honored to be the State Religion of Nanzhao Kingdom and Dali Kingdom, and influenced a lot to the politics, economy, and culture, etc, of this area. And the grotto caves in the Shizhong Mountain in Jianchuan are just the main and concentrated representation of the Esoteric Buddhism and Acarya in Dali area at that period of time.The thesis focuses on the grotto caves in the Shizhong Mountain and the culture presented in them. Under the guidance of Marxism and Materialism, as well as the reference to other works and theses, this thesis does a systematic and comprehensive analysis and description to the nativization of the Esoteric Buddhism in Dali area separately in historical ,folklore , and religionary point of view.