| The background of this dissertation is about the Emperor Daoguang and analyzing theforming process of the anti-smoking decision by the emperor Daoguang that explain the Imperialautocracy pattern based on analysis of system static, which was just routine and convention.Actually, the imperial system had certain elasticity that reflected on the major policy issues of“focus group discussions with the imperial court”. This mode of decision-making contributes to aclear understanding of decision-making mechanism and characteristics in Qing Dynasty.This dissertation consists of five parts besides the introduction.The introduction mainly discusses the background and significance of the topic and thestudying situation.The first chapter discusses how the bureaucracy made the decision of banning on opium-smoking and opium trade under the general mechanism, including the following three aspects: thesources of information and the failure of disposing mechanism under the general mechanism; thetop-to-bottom ban on opium-smoking and its invalid implementation; the disagreement and theswinging policy. It analyzes all sorts of drawbacks from policy-making to practicing in the QingGovernment in the activities of banning on opium-smoking before Emperor Daoguang, whichfinally ended up with failure. The invalid implementation has proved the failure of generalmechanism of policy-making and the necessity of unconventionality.The second chapter summarizes the mass discussion on banning opium-smoking during the18years of Emperor Daoguang’s throne. Firstly, it analyzes the special memorial to the thronefrom Huang Juezi in detail, which contributes to the major content of the discussion. Secondly, itanalyzes the scope of the discussion. Finally, it analyzes the onions and suggestions of HuangJuezi’s memorial from governor-generals.The third chapter studies how the imperial court made the final decision of banning opium-smoking and opium trade on the basis of the mass discussions among the ministers.Through theThe forth part talk about the decision making process is political mobilization in effect. Lin Zexudiscussion of banning on opium-smoking and opium trade, the imperial court worked out theemperor personally forbids the opium regulation with the emperor’s approval, which establishedthe policy of banning opium legislatively with strong operability. Through the contrast between thenew constitution on anti-opium and the old one, the points and characteristics of the emperor personally forbids the opium regulation are figured out, and through the contrast between thedetailed regulations and the governor suggestions, the operability of the Ordered by the emperorpersonally forbids the opium regulation is visualized. Therefore, the authority of the constitution isproved through the opinions, suggestions, choice and supplement from the relevant officials anddepartments, including the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Bachelor’s degree, Court of the Imperialclan and Ministry of punishments, Official departments organized by Emperor Daoguang.The forth part talks about the process of making the anti-opium policy is a virtual politicalmobilization. The anti-opium activities led by Lin Zexu and other people played the leading rolesin the whole movement, and the capital, as the power center was mobilized as well. At last, thewhole country took part in the ban on opium-smoking and trade activity and Lin Zexu wasappointed the executor of the movement in Guangdong.The fifth chapter is the conclusion of this dissertation, viewing the mechanism of policy-making from the policy-making of banning opium-smoking and trade. The policy-making of anti-opium reflects four characteristics as the following: the democratic centralism, the decision-makingascended to law, the important decision-making combined with widely political mobilization andthe executives selected from the certain policy-making process. The four characteristics accountthat the system of Qing Dynasty had elasticity and the ability of dealing with crisis and difficultproblems. |
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