Study On Physical Education In Middle And Primary Schools During The Period Of Nanjing National Government

During the period of Nanjing National Government, especially from 1927 to1937, the physical education of middle and primary schools got unprecedentedattentions and development. A series of laws and decrees and curriculum standardsthat the government promulgated not only standardized the course objectives, contentof courses, textbooks, equipments and performance evaluations of physical education,but also broke away from the disorder and separate-hanging situation in physicaleducation. Physical education and the competition have had the unified standard sothat the didactical physical education has been improved to a certain degree.This essay consists of five sections including the early years of physicaleducation retrospect, the physical education of primary schools in the period ofNanjing National Government, the physical education of middle schools in the periodof Nanjing National Government and the educational evaluation of physical educationin the period of Nanjing National Government. The key points are part two and partthree.The first section mainly combs the development situation of physical educationfrom primitive society to the early years of the republic of China. The development ofthe physical education during this period can be divided into three stages: primitiveSociety, feudal society and the early years of the republic of China and so that theprogresses of physical education of germination, evolution, tortuous dilemma andcontinuous stage of development could be explained to bedding the analysis of thephysical education of primary and middle schools in the period of Nanjing NationalGovernment.The second section is mainly about the details of the physical education ofprimary schools in the period of Nanjing National Government. It introduces a series of physical education standards by government from 1929 to 1948 and the rules ofclass proportion, course objectives, content of courses, textbooks, equipments andperformance evaluations in physical education. Many scholars during that timesuggested mature opinions about every aspects of physical education of primaryschools, and those suggestions became the references to the government. These madethe physical education of primary schools build up a unified system and developed alot. However, most of the criterions broke away from the realities especially thevillage primary school physical education; so many details couldn’t work effectively.The third section is mainly about the details of the physical education of middleschools in the period of Nanjing National Government. It also introduces a series ofphysical education standards by government and the rules of Class proportion, Courseobjectives, Content of courses, textbooks, equipments and performance evaluations inphysical education. Besides, many scholars during that time gave an overall outlineand detailed records about the physical education of middle schools. The same asprimary schools, the development of physical education of middle schools isconstrained and impeded by government, funds, equipments and teachers, whichslowed down the pace of physical education in schools.The forth section is the objective evaluation and analysis of the physicaleducation of primary and middle schools in the period of Nanjing NationalGovernment. During the period of Nanjing National Government, the teachingmaterial was unified. In addition, the teaching contents were more natural and thestudents’interests were more intensified. On the checking aspect, the subjectivetesting patterns were changed and the more Scientific and Reasonable testing patternswhich combined morality and skills together were used. What’s more, Sportsadministrative organizations has become regular and schools cultivating physicalteachers were increased by degrees, which remitted the problems that appeared inschools and made the physical education of primary and middle schools in the periodof Nanjing National Government in progress. At the same time, we should realize theproblems during that period. The emergence and prevailing of“Player system”madethe school physical trainings develop lopsided, and become courses for specialty students, which seriously affected popularizing rate of school physical trainings. Theuncertain quality of teachers and the chaos of sports administrative organizations alsogave negative effect to the school physical trainings during this period. In allusion tothese malpractices, many scholars made a complaint and gave their own suggestionswhich remitted plenty of problems. To be noteworthy, our government should learnthe lessons of the physical education of primary and middle schools in the period ofNanjing National Government to find out the solutions in the contemporary era andturn physical education towards a more scientific way.