| In China, the peasants have a long tradition of using the dung to fertilize the fields. Based on this agrarian traditions, both rural and urban residents regard the dung as a valuable resource. The peasants can use it as fertilizer and the urban residents can seel it for money or anything else. And even the merchants who buy and seel the dung come into being. So the dung has dual properties:not only the properties of public hygiene but also economic properties. Form the process of development of managing the dung, we can see that the existence and development of its economic properties affect its properties of public hygiene. Before the republic of China and even in the early years of the Republic, there were not any professional organizations that were responsible for gathering and transporting the dung in Nanjing. It had to depend on the peasants’ sporadic carrying on a carrying-pole and a few agencies’ collecting. However, this disposal system of the dung lacked of the government organizations’ supervision and management, that accomplished little. For the peasants, the prices of the dung were so high because the merchants and the agencies who bought and sold the dung monopolized the industry that the peasants couldn’t bought it to fertilize the soil. For the urban residents, removing dung promptly was very difficult. The dung was not handled properly so that Nanjing was known as the stinky capita before the foundation of Nanjing National Government.In Nanjing, with the rapid development of city and the increase in population and the dung accumulating largely, the dung had a negative impact on the public hygiene, and even came into the view of the government’s management. And the movement of killing flies and the health propaganda campaigns gave the residents a good idea of public hygiene. Therefore, the clamor for the appropriate disposal of dung grew louder. To alleviate the pressure of the city’s public hygiene, the government had to chang the method which had been.not applicable and that the dung was free for sale in market. There are two methods of dung disposal:merchants management or city management. In the period from1927to1937, the mechanism of dung disposal of Nanjing adopt these two methods in order. The merchants management should have been the expeditious means that could improve efficiency and limit the expenses and even increase the income. But the government didn’t put the method into practice because of the bankruptcy of the rural economy and the strict conditions that the government imposed on the merchants and the complaints from the peasants. In order to solve the increasing problems about dung disposal, the government decided to handle by itself. But it was very difficult in the absence of funds,experience, support and some else. The government had two order to involve in the management.of the dung:improving the quality of the urban environment and increasing financial revenue. However the government didn’t achieve good results in two ways. In this paper, I analyze the reasons from different angles, including lack of finances,not centralizing the administration of the dung, and paying too much attention to its economic properties and neglecting its properties of public hygiene, and the ways out for dung cut back as the rural economy was bankrupt and so on.But it is undeniable that the government made some good results in the management of the dung. And the main improvement was that the government began to intervene in the management. In this paper, I analyzed the effect that the management of the dung produced from the culture of lavatory, the hygiene of toilet and the use of dung of the farmers and so on.In this paper, I put the dung as topic research to make explorations into the management of public health in Nanjing. It researches the methods of the dung processing and management in the modern time, and the governments’ role and function and the effect of the management on Nanjing’s environment sanitation. |
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