Study On Effects Between Photosynthetic Indexes And Yield Under Densities And Fertilizer On Echium Vulgare

Echium vulgare （Boraginaceae Echium），Found at Africa, Europe and western Asia,China’s often planted for ornament. Because the seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, not onlyhas high medicinal, but also edible and oil value. Therefore, the introduction of a special oil crops,oil crops to make up for gaps in the market and the whole city in Northeast China, bringingconsiderable economic benefits. Learn from other plants common in high-yield cultivationtechniques, the study by controling Echium vulgare plant density and fertilizer, in order to find theEchium vulgare yield cultivation techniques and provide a theoretical basis for future Echiumvulgare yield cultivation technology system.The experiment was from2012-5to2012-10, conducted systematic observations in the fieldHuaide town,Gongzhuling City, Jilin Province. using two factors Split-plot design, locatedfertilizer factor F as the main area clude three levels: low F (N:150kg·hm-2, P2O5:100kg·hm-2,K2O:50kg·hm-2); middle F (N:300kg·hm-2, P2O5:200kg·hm-2, K2O:100kg·hm-2); high F(N:450kg·hm-2, P2O5:300kg·hm-2, K2O:150kg·hm-2). Let density factor as deputy district clued10level:row spacing30cm,plant spacing10cm,15cm,20cm,25cm,30cm are labeled T1, T2, T3, T4,T5; row spacing60cm, plant spacing10cm,15cm,20cm,25cm,30cm are labeled S1, S2, S3, S4,S5. A total of30treatment, repeated three times. By N, P, K application and planting density couplesetting, studying characteristics of Echium vulgare at a critical period and throughout the growingperiod, the impact of agronomic traits, physiological indicators and yield of a series of studies.The results were as follows:1．The impact results from the densities and fertilizer on Echium vulgare photosyntheticparameters and leaf area index and other indicatorsUnder different planting densities and fertilizer treatments, in the spring and early summer(6/20), summer (8/13) and autumn (9/7) Echium vulgare photosynthetic rate of this threeseasons with the diurnal variation curves "two peaks of a Valley ", the second peak is less than thefirst one, there is a midday depression and changes in environmental conditions with a slightfluctuation. In the day, under different fertilization treatments, with the increasing plantingdensity, Echium vulgare overall photosynthetic rate decreased gradually.At different fertilizerlevels,diurnal variation of Echium vulgare photosynthetic rate performance: spring and earlysummer (6/20) as the middle F> Low F> high F, summer (8/13) and autumn (9/7) as themiddle F> high F> Low F. Three seasons, the mean diurnal variation in middle F levels higher than those under the high F and low F, Middle F-S3combination diurnal mean in fertilizercombinations were:13.38,14.49and16.04, significantly better than the other combinations.Visible, MiddleF-S3combination for obtaining higher photosynthetic rate, thus giving a higherphotosynthetic capacity has a great potential. Even if the entire growth period, MiddleF-S3combination photosynthetic rate is high as21.26average, significantly better than the othercombinations, so, MiddleF-S3combination for photosynthetic capacity in Echium vulgare growthperiod has better reflected.Under different fertilizer levels, canopy leaf net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate,stomatal conductance and water use efficiency increased with the density decreases with canopyheight increases. Middle F, low F and high F levels in the four overall photosynthetic performanceindicators are as follows: Middle F> High F> low F. Different combinations of fertilizer anddensity, this four light indicators at45cm canopy is high. In addition, Under different fertilizerlevels of canopy, CO2concentration gradually increased with increasing density, and increasedwith increasing depth canopy. Echium vulgare leaf CO2concentration overall performance: themiddle F <high F <low F. Middle F-S3combined mean18.026photosynthetic rate, meantranspiration rate3.4348, mean stomatal conductance0.143, mean CO2concentration108.744,mean water use efficiency5.221, are better than others, higher photosynthetic efficiency. MiddleF-S3the upper canopy combination is acceptable illumination and higher utilization ofphotosynthetically active radiation plant parts, good air circulation, higher photosynthetic capacity.Through the different planting densities and fertilizer handling, Visible, under differentfertilizer levels, their fertility changes in leaf area during the period showed a single peak "S"curve, at the same level of fertilizer, leaf area and leaf area index all increasing while the overalllevel of planting density decreases. Mean leaf area and leaf area index low performance of threehigh level of fertilizer throughout the growing period is: the middle fat> high fat> Low fat. Underthe same fertilizer level, the overall combination of S1-S5leaf area and leaf area index than theT1-T5combinations to be high. Middle F-S3combination of different densities, the Echiumvulgare mean leaf area137.9, mean leaf area index3.959. Visible, Echium vulgare densitythroughout the growing period of leaf area index were significant or very significant impact,fertilizers and a significant factor significantly affects only exist in the leaf area index7/13,8/13and9/7, and the other in7/13,7/27and9/7days between fertilizer and planting density interactioneffect exists.In summary, three different seasons, the photosynthetic rate growth period, five light canopyand leaf area index, leaf area index research data Description: get a larger leaf through with areasonable planting density and fertilizer face index, Middle F-S3combination in different seasons,canopy and photosynthetic efficiency of the entire growth period were higher, can take full advantage of photosynthetically active radiation, help to create a favorable climate for smallgroups, show better photosynthetic capacity, but also to some extent explains the Middle F-S3combination for the realization of high-yielding crops with high potential.2． The resoult from densities and fertilizer impact on Echium vulgare physiologicalindicators,correlation analysis between physiological indicators and photosynthetic rateDeal with the density between increased chlorophyll content、 soluble sugar and solubleprotein content and chlorophyll content decreased in the late period, high-density plant chlorophyllcontent decreased rapidly. Under different fertilizer levels, chlorophyll (a+b) content wasexpressed as middle F> high F> low F, middle F-S3chlorophyll in combination treatment (a+b),chlorophyll a/b and mean fat content middle F-S3(22.78%) are superior to other treatmentcombinations.3．The result from densities and fertilizer affect Echium vulgare agronomic traits, yield traitsWith increasing planting density, Echium vulgare plant height increased gradually. MiddleF-S3combination height is88.1cm, stem diameter, number of branches and branch angle, freshshoot and root dry weight gradually decreases with density. Ultimately mean stem diameter andnumber of branches under the middle F, low F and high F three levels of each combination are asfollows: high F> middle F> low F. Middle F-S stem diameter is0.81cm, number of branches:24,branching angle:54.6°, shoot fresh and dry weight, respectively:(620g109g), root fresh and dryweight, respectively:(62.5g22.3g). Plant height and stem diameter, number of branches,branching angles and fresh shoot and root dry weight of the overall performance results in middleF-S3combinations are superior to other combinations, ultimately beneficial to obtain high yield.With increasing planting density, Echium vulgare seed1000-kernel weight, the overall levelof filled grains per plant decreased, after further reduce the density, both stabilized. Mean filledgrains per plant mumber and weight each combination are as follows: middle F> high F> low F.Filled grains per plant number and weight per plant distribution middle F-S3increasingly focusedon the combination of30-75cm canopy to45-60cm for most, filled grains per plant number andweight per plant bottom canopy distribution is also significantly higher than other similarcombinations.4．The results from densities and fertilizer affect on Echium vulgare yieldWith increasing planting density, Echium vulgare gradually reduce the overall level ofproduction, after further decreases with density, yield decreased. Average yield each combinationwere148.132,125.449,133.749, as follows: Middle F> High F> Low F in fat. Fertilizer productionbetween high and low performance level for each treatment: Middle F> high F> Low F, which infertilizer production was148.133kg/hm2,0.05and0.01levels were significantly/significantlyhigher than low F(125.499kg·hm-2) and high F (133.749kg·hm-2); yield low performance level of each treatment between density: T4> S3> T5> T3> S2> S4> T2> T1> S5> S1, which S3densitiesis148.322kg·hm-2, significant/very significant in other densities; Echium vulgare yield and fatyield is a combination of the highestmiddle F-S3, namely:161.485kg·hm-2,38.965kg·hm-2.Accordingly, a suitable Echium vulgare process is the middle F-S3combination. The analysisresults: planting density and fertilizer on the Echium vulgare yield significantly affected, and inparticular to highlight the effects of planting density, in addition, planting density and fertilizer onEchium vulgare yield with interaction. Echium vulgare yields and improve fat production wasmainly achieved through increased1000-kernel weight.In summary, from the above aspects, the planting density gradients and fertilizer combinationtreatment has certain influence on Echium vulgare traits and yields, but the way in which thecultivation of plantation management in combination with middle F-S3obtained final highest yieldfor161.485kg·hm-2; fat yield was also higher than other combination treatment for38.965kg·hm-2.