| ObjectiveIn this study,some pregnant women in Shenyang were conducted as research objects to investigate the characteristics and related factors of organophosphorus pesticide exposure during pregnancy.The biological samples were tested in laboratory,and the neonatal neurobehavioral development and physical development were followed up,so as to explore the effects of organophosphorus pesticide exposure during pregnancy on neonatal neurobehavioral development and physical development,and to provide evidence for the discovery of susceptible populations of organophosphorus pesticide exposure,and to assist the government departments to formulate health interventions.MethodsFrom March 2011 to March 2012,the healthy mothers delivered at the center of the Shenyang medical school affiliated hospital were recruited in this study.The questionnaire was used to investigate the exposure and characteristics of organophosphorus pesticides during pregnancy.The GC-14A gas chromatograph was used to detect the levels of 5 non-specific metabolites of organophosphorus pesticides during pregnancy.The NBNA scale was used to evaluate the neonatal neurobehavior.Birth weight,body length and head circumference was used as the infant's physique development index.RFLP-PCR was used to detect the levels of PON1 192 and PON 155 genotypes.And neonatal neurodevelopment and physical development were followed-up to analyze the effects of OPs exposure on them in pregnancy.Thus,the effect of OPs exposure during pregnancy on neonatal neurodevelopment and physical development were analyzed.Results(1)For the 249 mothers,the average age was(28.80±3.32)years,average BMI was(22.41 ±3.83)kg/m2,the average gestational age(38.89 ± 0.98)weeks.For the 249 infants,the means of length,birth weight and head circumference were(51.04 ± 2.02)cm,(3502.29 ± 464.14)g,and(34.93 ± 1.24)cm,respectively.87.15%of the mothers lived in city,most of the mothers often ate vegetables(63.45%)and fruits(63.05%).But few women had occupational exposure history(3 prenatal,2 postnatal).For PON1 192,132(53.01%)women were QR genotype,and 74(29.72%)women were with mutated homozygous RR genotype.We didn't observe PON155 MM in this study,and most of the mothers were with LL genotype(91.97%);(2)The detection rates of DMP,DMTP,DEP and DETP were more than 80%,and the geometric mean was 13.78?g/L,3.40?g/L,3.54?g/L,and 7.04?g/L,DEDTP detection rate was 6.8%.The level of DMs of the pregnant women aged 30-34 years were significantly higher than those aged 24-29 years(P = 0.008).The concentration of DAP and DMs were significantly lower in women who never used insecticides than occasional users(P<0.05)and frequent users(P = 0.05),women never used insecticide maternal had significantly lower concentration of DEs than the occasional users(P = 0.02);Concentration of DAP,DMs and DEs in women rarely ate fruits and vegetables were higher than occasional users(P<0.05)and frequent eating(P<0.05).(3)Comparing the neonatal different neurodevelopment characteristics measured by NBNA scale,the results were as follows:Behavioral competence in infants of primiparas were higher than others(P=0.032);The primitive reaction score of the monthly income of 3001-5000 yuan was higher than that of the group of below 1,000 yuan(P= 0.016)and the group of more than 5,000 yuan(P = 0.009).Infants of occasionally passive smoking mothers had higher active muscular tension than never(P= 0.019)and usually passive smoking group(P = 0.043);Comparing with the primitive reaction score of infants of pregnant women without OPs occupational exposure during pre-pregancy,the score of newborn infants of pregnant women who had occupational exposure was higher(P<0.001);Infants of occupational exposure during post-pregnancy had lower NBNA scores(P<0.001),lower active muscle tension scores(P<0.001),and higher primitive reaction scores(P<0.001);The scores of passive muscle tension of neonates whose mother never used insecticides were significantly higher than occasional users(P=0.011).Total NBNA score and behavioral competence of infant whose mother never ate fruits were lower than occasional ate(P<0.05)and usually ate(P<0.05),infants whose mother usually ate fruits had higher passive muscle tension than occasional ate(P = 0.007)and never ate group(P = 0.043).Comparing the total NBNA scores and scores of each dimension between different group of DAP,DMs and DEs,the total NBNA scores and behavioral competence scores between the three DAP groups were different(P<0.005).Differences of total NBNA scores and behavioral competence between the three DAP groups were observed(P<0.005).Passive muscle tension and primitive reaction scores in high DAP group were lower than low DAP group(P<0.001)and middle DAP group(P<0.001).The active muscle tension score of low DAP group were higher than the DAP group(P=0.004)and the high DAP Group(P=0.002);Total NBNA scores and behavioral competence between the three DMs groups were all different(P<0.005).The passive muscle tension and the primitive reaction scores in high DMs group were lower than low DMs group(P<0.001)and middle DMs group(P<0.005).The active muscle tension in low DMs group was higher than that in high DMs group(P=0.019);Total NBNA scores and primitive reaction scores between the three DMs groups were all different(P<0.005).Behavioral competence scores in the low DEs group were higher than the middle DEs group(P<0.001)and the high DEs group(P<0.001).The passive muscle tension in the high DEs group were lower than the low DEs group(P=0.013)and the middle DEs group(P=0.043),the active muscle tension in the low DEs group were higher than the middle DEs group(P=0.001)and the high DEs group(P=0.004).Comparing the total NBNA and each dimension scores between different PON 1 genotypes of newborns,the primitive reaction scores in the newborn infants with QQ were higher than that in QR(P=0.023)and RR(P=0.006).Primitive reaction of infant with QQ were higher than QR(P = 0.023)and RR(P = 0.006).(4)Comparing the physical development of newborns with different characteristics,the results showed that:Length of infants whose mother occasional passive smoking were higher than those of never(P=0.047)and usually passive smoking(P=0.009).Birth weight and head circumference of infants whose mother usually passive smoking were lower than those of occasional passive smoking(/P<0.05)and never passive smoking group(P<0.05).Compared with OPs non-occupational exposure group of pre-pregnancy,head circumference of infants in occupational exposure were larger(P = 0.014);Length(P=0.017)and birth weight(P=0.008)of infants whose mother usually used insecticide were higher than those of occasional users.Birth weight of low DAP group was lower than middle DAP group(P=0.038),and birth weight of low DMs group was lower than middle DMs and high DMs group(P=0.010).(5)Multiple linear regression was used to analysis the factors of neonatal neurod eve lop mental and physical development.Total NBNA score decreased while DAP and DEs increased.Neonatal behavial competence decreased while DAP levels increased,neonatal of maternal with occupational exposure of post-pregancy had higher behavioral competence scores.The increase of DMs in maternal urine may cause the infants' passive muscle tension decreased,but the increase of fruits frequency may increase passive muscle tension score.While the maternal urine DAP increase,the infants' active muscle tension decreased.With increased levels of maternal urine DEs,the primitive reaction score declined.Infants with QQ genotype had lower primitive reaction score.In the multiple linear regression analysis of the factors influencing the physical development,only the DAP level was included in the regression model,suggesting that the neonatal length and the birth weight were increased with urinary DAP increasing,while other confounding factors were balanced.Conclusions(1)The levels of organophosphorus pesticide exposure in Shenyang were higher,and the levels of urinary metabolites in the group over 30 years old and groups of less fruits and vegetables were higher,these suggesting that age and uneven diet may be the factors that affect exposure levels of OPs.The level of maternal urinary metabolites was lower in maternal who never used insecticide,suggesting that reducing the frequency of pesticide use may reduce the exposure of OPs;(2)The levels of DAP and DEs in maternal urine increased may lead to neonatal NBNA scores decrease,neonatal behavior decreased with the increase in maternal urine DAP levels,the levels of DMs increased and the frequency of fruit consumption reduced may cause neonatal passive muscle tension decreased,DAP levels was the independent influencing factor of neonatal active muscle tension,and the neonatal primitive reaction score decreased with increasing DEs levels,suggesting that organophosphorus pesticide exposure during pregnancy may affect neonatal neurobehavioral development,including NBNA total score,behavioral competence,passive muscle tension,active muscle tension and the primitive reaction.(3)Univariate analysis showed that maternal age,passive smoking,frequency of insecticide use and DAP levels had an effect on neonatal birth length.Occupational exposure of pre-pregnancy,passive smoking,frequency of insecticide use,DAP and DMs level were affected neonatal birth weight.However,the multiple linear regression equation suggested that DAP levels increased during pregnancy may lead to neonatal length and birth weight increased,indicating that DAP levels may be independent influencing factor of the neonatal length and birth weight.(4)Maternal should minimize the exposure level of OPs and maintain a healthy diet during pregnancy,which may reduce the impact of OPs on their children's health Reducing the frequency of pesticide use during pregnancy can be used as an effective intervention to reduce OPs' adverse effects on neonatal neurobehavioral and physical development.Government departments should strengthen the management of pesticide use and health promotion of OPs exposure. |
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