Inter-regional Cultivated Land Ecological Compensation Mechanism From Perspective Of Virtual Cultivated Land Flows

With rapid development of urbanization and industrialization,the degree of non-agricultural of farmland has been deepening in China,the quantity of cultivated land resource is shrinking at the same time.Due to unreasonable development and utilization,the quality of farmland has been decreasing,and the ecological service function of farmland has been weakening.Due to the “externality” of ecological benefit of cultivated land,which cause an dislocation between the cost bearers and beneficiaries.It is an important reason for the degradation of ecological functions of farmland resources.The contradiction between the development of economy and the protection of arable land is manifested in the regional “externality” and inter-regional “externality”.As administrative divisions break the ecosystem,leading to cross-border management of the ecological environment is becoming more and more serious,such as the conflict of regional interests caused by the cross border resources competition,the dispute of the main environmental management and other issues.Ecological compensation of cultivated land is an important way to make external benefit internalization.It not only can solve the problem of "externality" overflow of cultivated land ecosystem,but also can be an important “lever” to promote regional coordinated development.In addition,the ecological compensation of farmland is of great significance to coordinate the relationship between food safety,urban construction,ecological safety in our country.At present,the ecological compensation mechanism of cultivated land in China was not perfect,especially in the stakeholder's responsibilities and obligations were not clearly defined,the compensation standard was not reasonable and can not realize dynamic adjustment,the compensation mechanism was lack of effective guarantee.China's inter-regional grain transfer since ancient times,and grain was a resource-intensive products of cultivated land.It was also the main carrier of virtual arable land.Virtual cultivated land was an important material in the ecosystem cycle and plays an important role in the operation of regional ecosystems.Therefore,the study of the “virtual cultivated land” flows hidden in the grain trade,which will greatly open up horizons of allocating arable land resources in China.It will also provides innovative ideas for inter-regional ecological compensation for cultivated land.On the basis of virtual resources theory,externality theory,ecological balance theory,sustainable development theory,this study has analyzed the existing problems of ecological status of cultivated land resources and its compensation problems in China.This paper has accounted for the virtual land of profit and loss amount of the 31 provinces in 2000,2005,2010 and 2015.Based on the inter-provincial virtual farmland movement,this paper construct the ecological compensation mechanism of Inter-regional cultivated land in China.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)Based on the flows of virtual cultivated land,this study construct the framework of ecological compensation mechanism of farmland,which included four parts: the compensation target,the principle of compensation,the idea of compensation and the compensation mechanism.The compensation mechanism also included four aspects:the definition of compensation and payment area,the establishment of compensation standards,the choice of compensation methods,the operation and guarantee of compensation mechanism.Specifically,based on the calculated profit and loss amount of the 31 provinces,the flow pattern of the virtual cultivated land was analyzed.According to the relationship between virtual cultivated land flow and inter-regional ecological compensation,this study determined ecological compensation and payment area.Based on the flows of virtual cultivated land,this study used the equivalent factor method and the coefficient of socioeconomic development to establishes the ecological compensation standard of cultivated land.(2)To definite the compensation area is an important part of constructing ecological compensation mechanism.Based on calculated profit and loss amount of the 31 provinces in the year of 2000,2005,2010 and 2005,we found the distribution of compensation area in China has been relatively stable.The compensation area mainly concentrated in the Northeast,North China,and Northwest,which share of land area has remained at 44%-47%.It included Heilongjiang,Jilin,Liaoning,Shandong,Henan,Inner Mongolia,Anhui,and other provinces.The compensation area mainly concentrated in the.The payment area mainly concentrated in the Southeast,Northwest,Central region,whichshare of land area has remained at 51%-56%.It included Guangdong,Zhejiang,Fujian,Shanghai,Beijing,Tianjin,Hubei,Shanxi,and other provinces.(3)To establish the compensation standard is core of constructing ecological compensation mechanism.Based on analyzed the accounting results of 2000,2005,2010 and 2015,we found that the compensation standard has changed greatly.In 2000,the province with large amount compensation included Jilin,Shandong,Henan,Heilongjiang and Hebei,which should be compensated more than 2 billion yuan.In 2005,the province with large amount compensation included Jilin,Henan,Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Shanxi,which should be compensated more than 4 billion yuan.In 2010,the province included Jilin,Heilongjiang,Henan,Inner Mongolia,Shandong,which should be compensated more than 8 billion yuan.In 2015,the province included Jilin,Heilongjiang,Inner Mongolia and Henan,which should be compensated more than 16 billion yuan.In 2000,the provinces with large amount of payment included Guangdong,Liaoning,Shanxi,Zhejiang,Fujian and Shanghai,which should be compensated more than 1 billion yuan.In 2005,the provinces included Guangdong,Zhejiang,Fujian,Yunnan and Shanghai,which should be compensated more than 2 billion yuan.In 2010,the provinces included Zhejiang,Guangdong,Fujian,Beijing and Shanghai,which should be compensated more than 3.5 billion yuan.In 2015,the provinces included Guangdong,Zhejiang,Guizhou,Beijing and Fujian,which should be compensated more than 8 billion yuan.(4)In order to ensure the operation of compensation mechanism effectively,this paper constructed the operational framework of the mechanism.First,built a management platform,which was responsible for the inter-regional farmland ecological compensation in China.Second,established the financial security mechanism,and specified the source of ecological compensation funds.Third,proposed methods of ecological compensation for cultivated land.Finally,set up the mechanism of regulation and supervision,which was used to supervise the management platform of ecological compensation.