Study On Management System Of Prevention And Control Of Land-based Pollution In Coastal Waters Of China

More than 70% of the global marine pollutants originate from land,and a small part of them spread beyond the continental shelf area,and most of them remain in coastal and offshore areas.The National Marine Environment Bulletin of 2016 shows that the land-based pollution in China’s coastal waters is severe,four types and inferior four seawater areas exceeding 20%,and the pollution situation has not been effectively contained.The land-based pollution prevention and control system in China still has a lot of room for development.After the establishment of the "People’s Republic of China Marine Environmental Protection Law" in 1982,the legal system for the prevention and control of land-based pollution in China was gradually established.Through the analysis of the current management system of land-based pollution prevention and control,we found that China’s land-based pollution prevention and control system has incomplete legislation,unreasonable distribution of functions,and inadequate supervision mechanisms.The United States,Japan and Australia,the three countries with rich experience in the prevention and control of land-based sources of pollution,have been sorted out and rectified the land-based pollution control work.They found that land-based pollution is a worldwide problem that covers both sea and land systems and involves economic,environmental,and social issues and other fields.The responsible body of land-source pollution control is not only the government.Enterprises,social organizations,universities,and the public should participate in all aspects of land-use pollution prevention and control legislation,law enforcement,supervision and protection,assume corresponding responsibilities,and have corresponding powers.In 2018,the State Council’s institutional reforms will ensure that the Ministry of Ecology and Environment will assume the responsibility for the prevention and control of land-based sources of pollution that have been scattered throughout the ministries.Under this favorable situation,the proposed land and sea integrated land-based pollution prevention and control countermeasures have been proposed to help establish a more comprehensive and meticulous land-source pollution prevention and management system and effectively alleviate the problem of land-source pollution in China.The prevention and control of land-sourced pollution in China will inevitably make significant progress.However,there are still many problems in China’s current land-based pollution prevention and management system that must be continuously improved.This article is mainly divided into six parts:The first part is the introduction.This article introduces the research background,purpose and significance of the study,current research status at home and abroad,research methods and framework.The second part comprehensively analyzes the status of land-based pollution in coastal waters in China.This paper argues that land-based pollution includes point source pollution such as industrial emission sources and municipal emission sources,and non-point source pollution such as agricultural runoff,coastal engineering,and construction activity emissions.The rivers,sewage outlets,atmospheric deposition,and dumping are the routes to land.According to the "China’s Marine Environment Status Bulletin" and "China’s Coastal Waters Environmental Quality Bulletin",we analyze the water quality of the pollution sources in the coastal waters,rivers,and sea outlets,and the changes in the sources of pollution sources in the two continents.The data provide a more comprehensive and intuitive understanding of the status of land-based pollution.The third part clarifies the development and status quo of China’s land-based pollution prevention and management system.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,experienced multiple stages of development,the authority of land-based pollution prevention and control agencies has become increasingly high.In 2018,the institutional reform of the State Council ended the original management system that was divided into separate sections.The prevention and control of land-based sources of pollution prevention and control was developing in a direction of sea and land integration.However,the legislation of the management system is not perfect,and the power boundaries between the central and local land-based sources of pollution prevention and control are ambiguous.The independence of the local departments is weak and cannot guarantee the implementation of the central government’s policies.In the absence of high-level coordination agencies,it is difficult for the environmental protection administrative department to take the lead in coordinating major cross-regional pollution incidents.The supervision mechanism is monotonous,and the government stipulates the supervision and management rights of the government for enterprises,and lacks the supervision of enterprises and governments by social organizations and the public.The fourth part selects Japan,Australia and the United States and analyzes its terrestrial pollution prevention and management system.As a world ocean powerhouse,after having experienced numerous land-based pollution incidents,it has established a comprehensive land-based pollution prevention and management system.Many advanced experiences are worth learning from.Governments,enterprises,social organizations,universities,and the public are all actively involved in all aspects of legislation,law enforcement,supervision,and protection of land-based pollution prevention and control.They have corresponding responsibilities and have corresponding powers.They have effectively achieved prevention and control of land-based sources of pollution.In legislation,the responsibility for pollution prevention and control of enterprises,social organizations,and the public is clarified,and the specific forms and ways of participation are clearly defined,and mutual cooperation,mutual supervision,and joint governance are adopted.The fifth part is the improvement of the land-based pollution prevention and management system in China.The Nineteenth National Congress proposed to build an environmental governance system that is government-led,enterprise-based,social organizations,and the public involved.Under this background,after the reform of the State Council,it is necessary to clarify the establishment of the central and local government departments and division of responsibilities.Establish an open and strong public participation mechanism to attract social organizations and stakeholders to actively participate in the prevention and control of land-based pollution.Use social supervision mechanisms to assist government supervision and form normalization of environmental protection supervision.Through amendments to the law,we will ensure the reform of government agencies and responsibilities,support the participation of the general public,and improve the supervision mechanism reform.Unified land and sea environmental standards,the establishment of a land and sea integrated environmental monitoring network and environmental information feedback platform,with a good operation of science and technology support management system.The sixth part is the conclusion.Summing up and reflecting on the main research contents and research ideas of this paper,we look forward to the future research work.