| Cultivated land is an important resource for social stability and people's life.The utilization of cultivated land resources is not only related to food security,but also affects a country's ecological environment and the physical and mental health of citizens.In recent years,because of such factors as urban construction and ecological conversion,the area of cultivated land in China has been decreasing steadily while the population has been increasing.The grim situation of more people and less land determines the necessity of increasing the input–output ratio of production factors per unit of cultivated land,i.e.,cultivated land use efficiency.Furthermore,the environmental pollution problems caused by cultivated land use activities have become widespread and prominent.China joined the Paris Climate Agreement in 2016,promising that its total carbon emissions would reach a peak around the year 2030.The agricultural sector,especially cultivated land use,has become one of the sources of greenhouse gas emissions from nonenergy activities,and developing methods to effectively control and reduce carbon emissions has become an important ecological and environmental challenge for China's current cultivated land use processes.Therefore,it is necessary and important to take into account the carbon emissions from cultivated land and accurately measure China's cultivated land use efficiency so as to safeguard national food security and improve the agricultural ecological environment.To study the effects of cultivated land use carbon emissions on the cultivated land use efficiency,this paper firstly uses the SBM-U model that can consider carbon emissions and the SBM model that cannot consider carbon emissions to make a comparative analysis on the cultivated land use technical efficiency(i.e.,the cultivated land use static efficiency)in30 provinces and eastern,central,western and northeastern regions of China.Secondly,based on the SBM-U-M productivity index and SBM-M productivity index,the cultivated land use total factor productivity(i.e.,the cultivated land use dynamic efficiency)of 30 provinces and the eastern,central,western and northeastern regions with and without carbon emissions are compared and analyzed.The results show that: the measurement results of the SBM-U model are generally lower than that of SBM model;the SBM-U-M productivity index and SBM-U-TP index are generally higher than the SBM-M productivity index and SBM-TP index,while the SBM-U-TEC index is generally lower than the SBM-TEC index.It indicates that the measurement results of cultivated land use technical efficiency and cultivated land use total factor productivity may be deviated if carbon emissions are not considered.Therefore,it is necessary to pay attention to the carbon emissions caused by cultivated land use,and include it into the assessment system ofcultivated land use efficiency,so as to analyze the cultivated land use technical efficiency and the cultivated land use total factor productivity more accurately.To study the influence of the non-separable characteristics between variables on the cultivated land use efficiency under carbon emission constraints,in this paper,the NSH-U model,which can consider the non-separable characteristics between variables,is introduced into the evaluation of the cultivated land use technical efficiency in China from1997 to 2017,and compared with the measurement results of SBM-U model.The source of the technical inefficiency of cultivated land use in China is further revealed.Secondly,this investigation uses the NSH-U-M productivity index containing non-separable characteristics when empirically evaluating the regional characteristics and temporal variation in China's cultivated land use total factor productivity.In addition,we construct a productivity distribution map to further analyze cultivated land use total factor productivity changes in different provinces and reveal the main sources of cultivated land use total factor productivity growth in each province.Finally,this paper discusses the evolution trend of China's cultivated land use and environmental coordination.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The cultivated land use technical efficiency value measured by the NSH-U model is higher than that of the SBM-U model,regardless of whether the investigative scope is the entire country,or the eastern,central,western,or northeastern regions.Compared with the SBM-U-M productivity index and its decomposed part,which cannot consider non-separable variables,the NSH-U-M productivity index and the NSH-U-TP index that consider non-separable variables are reduced to some extent,while NSH-U-TEC index that consider non-separable variables is increased to different degrees.It shows that the non-separable characteristics between variables has a significant effect on the cultivated land use technical efficiency and cultivated land use total factor productivity.(2)The average value of cultivated land use technical efficiency in China is 0.6501,indicating 34.99% room for improvement.The cultivated land use technical efficiency differed significantly among regions,with the cultivated land use technical efficiency decreasing from the eastern region to the western,northeastern,and central regions.It is evident that the central region should be the focus of improving the cultivated land use technical efficiency.In addition,there are also large differences in cultivated land use technical efficiency among provinces.For example,the cultivated land use technical efficiency of Beijing in the eastern region is three times that of Anhui in the central region.(3)China's low cultivated land use technical efficiency is the result of both input inefficiency and output inefficiency.Nonradial input inefficiency and radial output inefficiency are the primary sources of China's cultivated land use technical inefficiency.As for the provinces,with the exception of Beijing and Hainan,the remaining 28 provinces have varying levels of input inefficiency and output inefficiency.Each input and output variable still has room for improvement.Generally,the lower the cultivated land use technical efficiency,the greater the improvement value required to achieve full effectiveness.(4)China's cultivated land use total factor productivity shows an overall continuous growth trend.Technical progress is the main driving force for the growth of cultivated land use total factor productivity in the entire country,and in the eastern,central,western,and northeastern regions,while technical efficiency limits the growth of cultivated land use total factor productivity to some extent.The growth of cultivated land use total factor productivity in most of China's provinces is mainly driven by technical progress;only a few provinces have experienced a significant deterioration in technical efficiency,and the effects of technical progress are relatively weak,yielding negative cultivated land use total factor productivity growth.In addition,cultivated land use environmental technology innovation is mainly dominated by eastern and western China,while the environmental technology innovation situation in central China is not encouraging.(5)On the whole,the harmony between the cultivated land use and the environment in China has been continuously optimized since 2007,and the cultivated land use has shown a gradual improvement towards low-carbon development.Specific to the provinces,Beijing,Hainan,Guangdong and Shaanxi have maintained a high degree of coordination between the cultivated land use and the environment,while Shanxi,Anhui,Jiangxi and Hunan have the worst coordination between the cultivated land use and the environment.These provinces badly need to be changed. |
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