The Recharging Infrastructure Planning For Electric Vehicles With Battery Swapping

Electric vehicles(EVs)deliver many benefits like high energy efficiency and low pollution emission.Under the promotion of national policies,the rate of EVs' preservation is increasing.However,the further development of EVs is hindered by the limited driving distance,the long-time charging and the insufficient recharging facilities.The efficiency of battery swapping method is high and can slove the problem of long-time charging.So that the recharging infrastructure planning is studied from 3 sides based on battery swapping method,which includes the study of “spot”,“line” and “plane”.A swapping station is taken into considered while studing the level of “spot”.The battery swapping and charging processes at a swapping station were descript with Birth and Death processes theory,and then a stochastic model of swapping station operation was established;The “line” level was further studied based on the study of “spot” level.Then recharging infrastructure planning model along a traffic corridor with constraints including the probability of swapping a fully-charged battery successfully were established for minimum construction cost,and then an algorithm was proposed to obtain the model solution.Research results show that the proposed model can not only induce the probability that electric vehicles swap full batteries at swapping stations successfully,but also analyze the effect of the probability of swapping successfully and charging technology advance,can achieve the optimal swapping stations and batteries configuration with minimum construction cost under given probability that full battery is swept successfully.On the level of “plane”,the recharging infrastructure planning in the urban area was studied.the path choice of electric vehicles to the swapping stations is firstly studied and then an optimal location model of battery-swapping stations is proposed based on the objective of minimizing the total social cost,which obtains the optimal deployment of the battery-swapping stations;According to the results,an optimization model of battery and swapping device configuration is established,with the objective of minimizing the total social cost at battery swapping station.The study shows that the proposed model can achieve the optimal deployment and construction sequences of the stations;The penetration of EVs has a more complicated impact on the deployment of swapping stations and the traffic network equilibrium.The increase of swapping station's number can reduce the travel cost,but the marginal effect is diminishing;As the penetration of electric vehicles increases,the total number of batteries and swapping devices in the road network will increase correspondingly,but not every battery-swapping station will increase the amount of batteries and the exchanging devices;The advancement of swapping technology will decrease the number of swapping devices and the initial investment of swapping system.The research results can provide decision-making basis for the planning and operation of swapping stations.The proposed method can guide the location and the optimal configuration of batteries and swapping devices of battery-swapping staions along a traffic corridor or in an urban areas.