The Formation And Evolution Of Shandong's Urban System In Pre-Qin Period

Gu Chaolin pointed out in the book "China's Urban Geography" that China's ancient urban system was an urban organic system composed of a series of cities.It originated in the last phase of Primitive Society,preliminarily formed during the West Zhou Dynasty,gradually became the period of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States,until the Qin Shihuang unified the whole country and implemented of the system of prefectures and counties,the relatively mature China's ancient urban system was basically formed.It can thus be seen that in the distant Pre-Chin Period,China has already begun to emerge the embryonic form of the urban system,and gradually matured.Urban system is the concept of modern urban-rural planning theory.It is obviously not practical to study the urban system of the Pre-Chin Period with the connotation of modern urban system.This requires to redefine the connotation of the "Urban" and "Urban System" in the PreChin Period.The cities of the pre-Qin period were small in scale and simple in nature.Based on the combination of theories about the early "city",the “city” defined by this study has three meanings: First,the "Citadel Settlement" during the period of the city's origin;Second,as an official "city" of political rule;Third,an official "city" with dual functions of politics and economy.The urban system mainly reflects the structural relationships and spatial patterns among cities in a certain area.In the historical depth,the change of the urban system is a comprehensive portrayal of social and economic development of the various historical stages.Combining the connotation of the modern urban system and the historical background of the Pre-Chin Period,the "urban system" defined in this study specifically refers to "In a certain geographical area,it was an organic whole with internal relations that has a hierarchical structure sequence,a spatial-temporal geographical structure".Specifically,it includes three aspects: central hierarchical structure system,regional spatial structure system,and urban network system organization.Shandong has a long history,cultural prosperity,and advanced urban civilization.This paper uses Shandong as the research scope,uses ancient books and archaeological materials to collect the cities in the Pre-Chin Period in Shandong,based on the analysis of the city's political attributes,military attributes,patriarchal kinship attributes,and its geographical and cultural environment,explore the formation and development of Shandong's urban system in the PreChin Period,and consider the central hierarchical structure system,regional spatial structure system,and urban system network system of the urban system in each historical period of PreQin.Research indicates,The urban system of Shandong in the Pre-Chin Period sprouted from the Longshan Culture Age to the Xia-Shang period,formed during the Western Zhou Dynasty,and developed and matured in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States.Basically consistent with Gu Chaolin's statement in the book "China's Urban Geography" on the formation and development of China's urban system.However,the formation and development of Shandong's urban system during the Pre-Qin Period was unique.Its type changed from a network-based urban system in the Longshan Culture Age to Xia-Shang period to a multi-center urban system in the West Zhou Dynasty,and then to the single-center pyramid urban system in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States.During the Pre-Qin period,Shandong's urban system always showed a spatial pattern centered on the Taiyi Mountains Range,where the west and south sides were concentrated,and the east and north sides were scattered.With the evolution of history,there is a concentrated trend in the east and north sides.This phenomenon is formed by the combination of factors such as geographical environment,political power,military power,cultural environment,and transportation and trade.In the chaotic period of the urban system,from the Longshan culture to the Xia-Shang period,the geographical environment was the decisive factor in the formation of the urban system.During the period of formation of the urban system,at the West Zhou Dynasty,power and military power were decisive factors in the evolution of the urban system.During the development period of the urban system,the first stage of early days of the Spring and Autumn Period,the power of the government and the military were the decisive factors in the evolution of the urban system;in the second stage of later stage of the Spring and Autumn Period,the regime and military power began to separate,the military power began to exceed the regime in the evolution of the city system;From the Warring States Period,the establishment of the county(the capital)made the military power beyond the political power and became the decisive factor in the evolution of the urban system.The cultural environment,transportation and trade are not the decisive factors for the formation of the urban system in Shandong during the Pre-Qin Period.However,with the development of the city,it is playing an increasingly important role in the formation of urban systems and strengthening the links between cities.It can also be seen that the time series characteristics of the urban development of the entire Shandong region during the Pre-Qin Period: First,because of the favorable geographical location,the southwestern region of Shandong has led to the development of cities in this region.Second,due to political and military influence,the prosperity of cities in the northern region of Lubei;Finally,due to the development of transportation and trade,the rise of the cities in Jiaodong region was promoted.Finally,according to the regional spatial distribution changes of Shandong cities in each historical period of Pre-Qin Period,it is found that the regional spatial distribution of Shandong cities in the pre-Qin Period has always been invariable: First,the distribution pattern of cities centered on the Taiyi Mountains has not changed;Second,the invasion of Central Plains culture and the Central Plains Regimes from the Xia era,the first is to occupy the surroundings of the Taiyi Mountains range and gradually expand into the interior of the Taiyi Mountains range,and gradually the Dongyi culture and the Dongyi regime were excluded from the outskirts of the Taiyi Mountains,then perished.Thus put forward strategies and opinions for building a contemporary urban system in Shandong.The construction of contemporary urban systems in Shandong should be connected with the historical context,centered on the Taiyi Mountains,developed centripetal cohesion around the Taiyi Mountains,Build a joint metropolitan area around the Taiyi Mountains in the region.