| Keno Mountain is located in the northeast of Jinghong city,Xishuangbanna,Yunnan province.It is connected to Xiangming township of Mengla county in the northeast,and is supported by the town of Mengyang in the northwest.It is100°25?-101°25?east longitude and 21°59?-22°29?north latitude and with an area of622.9km~2.It has a population of 14,000,and there are 7 central villages and 46 natural villages,which include 5 national-level traditional villages and 4 provincial-level demonstration villages.Keno Mountain is the only ancient tea hill of the ancient six mountain locating in the Jinghong section of the Yunnan-Tibet Tea Horse Road.It is a miniature of the Jinghong section.has a long history of tea,its unique tropical mountain agricultural landscape has created the typical landscape features of its traditional villages.In order to understand the typical landscape features and the formed mechanism and to promote the sustainable development and protection of the landscape structure,this research,taking full exploration of the historical context,natural geography and ethnic culture of Keno Mountain,based on the use of professional theories of landscape ecology and geography,combined with analysis software such as GIS,qualitatively and quantitatively,explore the landscape pattern of traditional villages in the Keno Mountain from the macro and meso scale.The main research achievements and contents are as follows:(1)Summarize the overall landscape pattern of Keno Mountain from the macro-scale,which is characterized by the landscape type of forest land as the dominant,supplemented by the landscape type of rubber forest and tea garden.This three types play a dominant role in the landscape pattern of Keno Mountain,with a high degree of landscape dominance to surround more scattered small patches including villages and cultivated land,and together form the landscape pattern of the forest-tea-village-field with the absolute proportion of the total landscape patch area of forest land,rubber forest(as a plantation forest,it has been introduced in large areas since the reform and opening up,accounting for more than 1/5 of the total area of Keno Mountain,and has a expanded trend.)and tea garden which are closely related,The specific features are as follows:?Using landscape pattern analysis software Fragstats4.2 to analyze the landscape and type of the landscape pattern of Keno Mountain.The results show that the Shannon's diversity index is 0.927,the landscape fragmentation index is 0.053,the contagion index is 76.774%and the aggregation index is 92.976%.These data show that the landscape types of the Keno Mountain are diverse.The large,medium and small patches are spatially uniquely shaped and organically coordinated and evolved.These constitute a dominant landscape pattern that appears to be relatively fragmented but interconnected in space;In the landscape types of the Keno Mountains,the proportion of landscapes is 58.17%of forest land,20.04%of rubber forest,19.19%of tea garden,1.42%of cultivated land,and 0.47%of village land;the proportion of woodland area is the largest,exceeding half of the total area,which form the advantage pattern that the total proportion of forest land,rubber forest and tea garden are greater than 97.4%of the total area,and the arable land and village land is less than 5%which reflects the scale beauty of the landscape pattern.?According to the adjacent features in the landscape of Keno Mountain,we can see that the length and number of adjacent edges of the forest with rubber forest and tea garden are the highest,the length and number of adjacent edges of the rubber forest with the forest land are the highest,and the length and number of adjacent edges of tea garden with forest and rubber forest are high,while it are relatively high of village land with rubber forest,woodland,tea garden and arable land.These characteristics once again prove the unique landscape of the Keno Mountain,which is the habitat landscape structure that rubber forests and tea garden are surrounded by forest and village is surrounded by tea garden and rubber forests.In the use of vertical space,the landscape structure characteristics of the landscape pattern of“forest-rubber forest-tea garden-village-cultivated land”are displayed.?More than 60%of the patches of forest is over 500 hm~2,more than half of the landscape of tea garden are over 50 hm~2,and the remaining landscapes including villages are mostly less than 5hm~2.The patches of the villages and cultivated patches as small patches scattered in the forest,rubber and tea garden,various types of landscape elements are well-arranged,forming a harmonious landscape between the forest,tea garden,village and cultivated land.The overall landscape pattern is more complete,which has a great relationship with the ethnic beliefs of the Keno people,and fully embodies the harmonious beauty of the relationship between landscape patterns and man-land in aesthetic characteristics.(2)On the meso scale,the spatial distribution characteristics of the eight traditional villages in the selected Keno Mountain are summarized as follows:?The number of patches in villages is relatively small,only 6.4%of all landscape patches.And the patch density is small,the average area of the patch is not large,but as small patches dotted in the forest patches.?The village patches are closely related to the tea garden,the rubber forests and the cultivated land patches,and they are embedded in the forest patches with a certain patch distance and are well connected with the road corridors,which has good accessibility.The length and number of adjacent edges of village patches with rubber forest are the largest,and they are characterized by organic dispersion in the landscape pattern.?Combined qualitative analysis with quantitative analysis,the village landscape pattern is characterized by the village living space composed of residential buildings,basketball courts,and village committees as the center,the landscape-environmental space based on tea gardens and rubber forests as the transition,the production landscape space dominated by the landscape types of cultivated land including corn and millet extends as the extension,and the external environmental space based on good ecological environmental forest land as the barrier.Finally,based on the above analysis,the core protection zone and the natural buffer zone are divided to construct the Keno Mountain landscape pattern protection system;In response to the problems existing in the current landscape of Keno Mountain,protection measures are proposed to ensure the stability and continuity of various landscape systems that are closely related to traditional villages. |
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