| Object:Callosciurus erythraeus is aspecies of arboreal squirrel.Through the study of physiology of callosciurus erythraeus in field environment,it will be increase the cognizing that we adapt to the biology mechanism of changing environment on living organism.The seasonal change of atmosphere generally brings the variety of temperature,photoperiod,rainfall,food and so on,which will affect the living conditions,habits and behavior patterns of animals.In recent years,due to the red-bellied squirrels lots of breeding which lead to damage to the plantation of artificial forest such as cryptomeria fortune and china fir.ln this paper,through the capture of callosciurus erythraeus in one year,comparing the changes of body weight,blood routine,blood biochemical and reproductive hormones of it in different times,we associate the various behavior patterns in different times and the measured data to explore the impact of seasonal factors on the visceral organ and blood physiology and biochemistry.Results:1.No sex and seasonal differences were found for body mass(P>0.05).Sex difference was only observed for wet mass of heart,especially,males showed higher wet mass of heart than females in spring but lower in summer(P<0.05).Additionally,there was no sex difference in the other internal organ wet masses.The wet mass of liver of summer and winter was greater than that in spring and autumn(P<0.05).The wet mass of spleen of autumn was greater than that in spring and winter(P<0.05).The wet mass of lung showed the highest value in spring and the lowest value in summer(P<0.05).The wet mass of kidney in spring and winter was higher than in summer(P<0.05).The wet mass of cardiac in autumn was higher than in summer and winter for males(P<0.05).However,it is greater in summer and autumn than in winter of females(P<0.05).The wet masses of testis and uterus showed the highest values in spring and the lowest values in autumn(P<0.05).The wet masses of liver,lung and kidney showed higher values in pregnant individuals than non-pregnant ones(P<0.05).2.No sex differences were found for blood physiological parameters(P>0.05).The values measured of mean corpuscular volumes,hematocrit,lymphocyte,red blood cell and intermediate cell of red-bellied squirrel were no significant seasonal differences(P>0.05).The count of white blood cell and neutrophilic granulocyte showed the lowest value in autumn(P<0.05).The count of hemoglobin concentration,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration,mean corpuscular hemoglobin,platelet distribution width were higher in spring compared with other seasons(P<0.05).The count of red cell volume distribution width and mean platelet volume showed significantly lower in winter than other seasons(P<0.05).Platelet and platelet deposited value of red-bellied squirrel were obviously lower in spring than winter(P<0.05).There were no significant differences between pregnancy and non-pregnancy squirrels in blood physiological parameters(P>0.05).3.No significant sex differences were found for serum hepatic and renal function markers in red-bellied squirrel(P>0.05).No significant difference but higher serum concentrations of albumin,cholinesteraseand creatinine of the red-bellied squirrels were found in spring compared to the other seasons(P>0.05).The serum concentrations of total protein,globulinand uric acid were significantly higher in spring,while total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,indirect bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen activity were obviously lower(P<0.05).Alanine aminotransferase,pre-albumin,aspartic transaminase and Y-glutamine transferase concentrations were significantly higher in spring compared with other seasons and markedly decreased in summer,then reached nadir in winter(P<0.05).Serum concentrations of blood urea nitrogen,creatinine and uric acid were significantly lower in pregnant squirrels compared with non-pregnant,while the concentration of cholinesterase was significantly higher in pregnant squirrels(P<0.05).4.No significant sex differences were found for metabolic indices of glucose and lipid in red-bellied squirrel(P>0.05).No significant seasonal differences were found for high-density lipoprotein,apolipoprotein B in red bellied-squirrel(P>0.05).The concentrations of total cholesterol,triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,very low density lipoprotein and glucose were significantly higher in summer and autumn compared to spring and winter(P<0.05).However,the levels of apolipoprotein A I of summer and autumn was obviously lower than that of spring and winter(P<0.05).The levels of triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein were higher in pregnant squirrels than in non-pregnant(P<0.05).5.No significant sex differences were found for indexes of serum electrolytes in red-bellied squirrel(P>0.05).The levels of serum inorganic phosphorus in spring and winter were higher than in summer and autumn(P<0.05).The levels of serum potassium ion showed the highest values in spring(P<0.05).The levels of serum sodium ion showed the highest values in winter,then summer and winter,the lowest levels in spring(P<0.05).The levels of serum chlorine ion in spring were lower than in autumn and winter(P<0.05).The levels of serum calcium ion in spring were lower than in winter(P<0.05).The levels of serum inorganic phosphorus and calcium ion were lower in pregnant squirrels than in non-pregnant(P<0.05).However,it was reverse in potassium ion(P<0.05).6.The body mass of males were peaked in October compared with other months(P<0.05),similarly females' body mass showed highest value in October as well as March,April and August that were significantly higher in males(P<0.05).Serum reproductive hormones,the lowest level in October,had sex differences changing with reproductive status(P<0.05).Plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone,testosterone,estradiol and progesterone in males were peaked in February or March and July or August,shortly before mating(P<0.05).Follicle-stimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone and estradiol concentrations of females and gonadotropin-releasing hormone concentrations of both sexes peaked in February and July during the mating period(P<0.05),whereas testosterone concentrations in females were low throughout the year(P>0.05).Serum progesterone concentrations of females exhibited a maximum in May(P<0.05).Conclusion:The red-bellied squirrels have a strong ability to adapt the environmental changes.Seasonal changes and pregnancy were important factors which affected the changes in physiological and biochemical indicators.1.The body mass of red-bellied squirrels holds stabilization and no change with season and gender.Males showed higher wet mass of heart than females in spring but significantly lower in summer.The wet weight of liver and spleen in spring,lung and kidney in summer,uterus or testis in autumn,heart in winter were significantly lower compared with other seasons.2.The value of hemoglobin concentration,mean corpuscular hemoglobin,mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and red cell volume distribution width of blood in red-bellied squirrels were significantly higher in spring than other seasons.However,the values platelet and platelet deposited were significantly lower compared with others.The values of white blood cell and neutrophilic granulocyte showed significantly lower in autumn compared with others.3.The concentrations of total protein and globulin were significantly lower in spring than the other seasons,however,pre-albumin,total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,indirect bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,aspartate aminotransferase,Y-glutamine transferase were significantly higher in spring than other seasons.4.The concentrations of total cholesterol,triglyceride,Apolipoprotein AI,Glucose,low density lipoprotein,very low density lipoprotein in summer and autumn were significantly higher than in other seasons.5.The concentrations of potassium showed significantly higher in spring compared with other seasons,inorganic phosphorus,chloridion,calcium ions and sodium ions showed lower than in spring compared with other seasons.6.February-March and July-August were mating peak for red belly squirrels,there were significantly higher than in other months for mean plasma concentrations of FSH,LH,E2,T and GnRH.P4 in March-May and August showed significantly higher value compared with other months.7.The weight,liver,lung and kidney,serum cholinesterase,triglyceride and very low density lipoprotein of red-bellied squirrels were significantly higher in pregnancy than non-pregnancy.However,urea nitrogen,creatinine and uric acid were significantly lower compared with non-pregnancy. |
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