Study On Performance Evaluation Of Ecological Compensation Policies Based On Farmers' Perception In Qomolangma National Nature Reserve

Qomolangma National Nature Reserve(hereinafter referred to as "Qomolangma Reserve”)is an important ecological barrier area in China,with global ecological protection strategic significance.However,ecosystem services are the largest public goods with typical positive externality,and it is difficult to achieve the balance of interests between protectors and beneficiaries through market allocation.The establishment of ecological compensation mechanism can effectively subsidize the external benefits generated by ecological and environmental protection,and provide incentives for the supply of high-quality ecological products.However,it is worth noting that the ecological compensation policies must be recognized and participated by the targeting group of compensation,so as to maximize the benefits and reduce the damage to the ecological environment.Otherwise,the ecological compensation policies will not be sustainable.Therefore,this study,from the perspective of farmers as an important subject,evaluates the policy performance of ecological compensation in Qomolangma Reserve and explores the impact of ecological compensation on farmers' protection attitude and behavior.This is of great significance for improving the ecological compensation mechanism,promoting the ecosystem services and the effective protection of biodiversity.On the basis of externality theory,public goods theory,ecological capital theory,sustainable development theory,etc.,this study constructs an ecological compensation policy performance evaluation index system of Qomolangma Reserve,including 17 indicators of three factors-ecological performance,economic performance and social performance.Through field survey in Qomolangma Reserve during April to October in 2018.a set of data was collected,including questionnaire survey data,remote sensing image(2000-2017),a time series statistic data.The data was analyzed by three steps,first,Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP)was applied to determine the index weight,and then the performance of the Qomolangma nature reserve ecological compensation policies was analyzed through the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.Second,combined with the in-depth interviews,the specific changes of ecological environment and farmers' livelihood brought by implementation of ecological compensation policies were analyzed at community level.Finally,independent sample T test and one-way analysis of variance were used to study the influencing factors of farmers' ecological compensation perception,protection attitude and behavior,and OLS regression model was established to analyze the influence of farmers' perception on their protection attitude and behavior.The main conclusions of this study are as follows:first,the overall performance of the ecological compensation policies in Qomolangma Reserve is good,but there is a large room for improvement.Farmers perceived the highest ecological performance,followed by economic performance and social performance.The overall performance score of the region dominated by grassland ecological compensation policy was higher than that of other regions,and the effect of this policy was obvious.Second,different stakeholders have different perceptions and attitudes towards ecological compensation policies.Farmers are highly satisfied with the ecological compensation policies,while a large proportion of government staff/policy practitioners were not optimistic.Among them,there are many disadvantages of the compensation policy for wildlife accidents,and the effect on ecological protection of ecological compensation employment policy was not satisfactory.Third,gender,age,occupation and income level were important influencing factors among the demographic factors that affected farmers' perception of ecological compensation,protection attitude and behavior,and the difference of education level had almost no influence.Fourth,the awareness degree of ecological compensation policies had a positive impact on the attitude of farmers towards wildlife accidents,their expectation of wildlife population and their participation in protection activities.In general,the ecological compensation policy of Qomolangma Reserve is conducive to the improvement of the ecological environment,and the compensation funds have a significant effect on the increase of household income,which is conducive to alleviating poverty.However,it is difficult to achieve the effect of comprehensive protection of ecological environment from the perspective of ecological compensation policy alone,and it even has a negative impact on local culture and protection awareness.Therefore,according to the implementation of ecological compensation in Qomolangma Reserve,it is proposed that ecological compensation policies should be based on biodiversity protection strategies and farmers' needs,and formulated in combination with natural resources.farmers,livelihood,targeted poverty alleviation,traditional culture and other aspects.In addition,the supporting mechanism of ecological compensation policy should be established to ensure the better play of the benefits of ecological compensation policy.