Research On The Borders Minister Shakdorin In The Late Qing Dynasty

Since the middle of 19 th century,the state of the Qing Dynasty has sunk and has no time to take care of the border areas.The stability of the frontier can only depend on the frontier officials appointed by the Qing government to maintain,and the attitude,ability and action of the frontier minister will have a great influence on the stability of the frontier.Shakdorin was a representative minister in this period.He served in the border areas all his life and made contributions to maintain the frontier stability and rule of the Qing government.In the early years,Shakdorin accompanied Du Xingam to suppress the Hui uprising and Nian uprising,and was transferred to Xinjiang by the Qing government for his valiant fighting and military exploits.After that,Shakdorin was very brave in all kinds of battles in Xinjiang.After the recovery of Yili,the Qing government sent him to explore the boundary affairs of the southern section of Yili with the Russian officials,He led his attendants to divide line for two years,this left a key history for the transition of the northwest border of China.He wrote the "Southern boundary diary illustrated" is the precious,historical,geographic data.Then,after the Jin Shun recommended,Shakdorin was appointed Minister of Khovd.During this period,he made a contribution to the stability and development of Khovd by exterminating border bandits,opening up wasteland for farming,relieving Mongolian people and asking for Habahe to borrow land.Later,Shakdorin was transferred to Northeast,where he exterminated the Jinzhou bandits and handled the Jilin border affairs,He did his best to maintain the stability of the northeast border.In short,Shakdorin was more than a government official in the late Qing dynasty.This article tries to make a comprehensive and systematic exposition of the life experience of Shakdorin,to explore the attitude of some officials in the late Qing Dynasty to deal with the border affairs and the measures of the Qing government to govern the border areas.