Historical Geographical Analysis Of The Allocation Of Public Education Resources In Modern Guangdong Province (1840-1938)

The development of education is inseparable from the three basic resources of schools,teachers and funds,which constitute the allocation of public education resources is the hot spot of education research in today’s society and the problem to be solved urgently.Historians often study this issue from the perspective of educational history.Education as one of human activities,however,is certain geographical environment for the development of the backing,such as schools and funding is respectively attached to the land space in the natural geographical environment and the land output,three kinds of resources and influenced by human geography environment,and education resource configuration and the geographical environment is quite close relationship.Therefore,this paper chooses the allocation of public education resources in modern Guangdong province as the research object,and studies the interactive relationship between the allocation of public education resources and the geographical environment by analyzing the spatial and temporal differences and their influencing factors,so as to provide reference for the rational allocation of public education resources today.According to the three components of public education resources,this paper discusses the distribution and changes of schools,teachers and funds in Guangdong during the late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China.The main research content is divided into the following five parts:The first part is the introduction.This part mainly elaborates the topic selection basis of the paper,including the origin of the topic,the definition of related concepts,the research status,the academic and practical significance of the research,research methods and information,etc.The second part discusses the spatial and temporal distribution of school resources in modern Guangdong province.This part mainly discusses the emergence and development of various schools in modern Guangdong province,as well as theirgeographical distribution and characteristics.Time,according to the late qing dynasty and the Republic of China stage study.In the late Qing dynasty,taking academies and schools as examples,this paper analyzes how these two representatives of old-style and new-style education died out and reborn in Guangdong province.After the late qing dynasty,Guangdong province academy was dying out,which was transformed into various schools by the tide of changing academies into schools.Since then,school education has been developing vigorously in Guangdong province.In the period of the Republic of China,schools were transformed into schools,and Guangdong province gradually formed a comprehensive allocation of the three basic school resources,including elementary schools,secondary schools and colleges.The overall school resource level ranked top in the country,but the distribution among regions was extremely uneven.The third part mainly discusses the geographical distribution of teacher resources in modern Guangdong province.Starting from the general situation,geographical distribution and characteristics of teacher groups in guangdong in modern times,this paper gives an overview of teacher groups,taking teacher qualification and appointment as the entry point.From the perspective of time,the modern guangdong teachers showed a rapid growth,and their internal composition changed from a single imperial examination scholar to a mixture of foreign teachers,returned students,teachers or other school graduates and old intellectuals.Its spatial distribution is affected by the distribution of school resources,and the regional distribution is different,also tends to the pearl river delta region.The fourth part discusses the spatial and temporal distribution of educational funds resources in modern Guangdong province.This part mainly discusses the basic situation and source composition of educational funds in Guangdong province from the two time dimensions of late Qing dynasty and the Republic of China,and analyzes the spatial distribution and characteristics of regional educational funds.Before the end of the Qing dynasty,the education of Guangdong province funds mainly came from the income from the fields and academic property of official schools,academies,social schools and voluntary schools,as well as the donation and income of the officials and gentry.Since the establishment of schools in the late Qing dynasty,educational funds subsidized by various departments and bureaus have been added,including income from lijin(厘金),donation tax,government-run enterprises and tuition fees paid by students.After the Republic of China,the source of funds to raise money and the late Qing dynasty is similar,but there are new elements,such as the non-governmental fund-raising channels to overseas Chinese donations for a major feature.Through literature analysis and data processing,the paper sorted out the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of local education funds in Guangdong province in the late Qing dynasty and the Republic ofChina period respectively,showing the same unbalanced situation.The regions with sufficient funds were still concentrated in the pearl river delta.The fifth part discusses the distribution characteristics of public education resources in modern Guangdong and the reasons for its formation.This part is mainly based on the analysis data of the above three kinds of public education resources,and makes an overall analysis of its spatial and temporal layout and its influencing factors.Look from the time distribution,the Guangdong province public education resources allocation has experienced the old and new coexist transition period(1840-1911),slow development period(1912-1928),high-speed development period(1929-1936)and shrinking period(1937-1938),four stages.From the perspective of spatial distribution,the allocation of public education resources in modern Guangdong province has formed stable and variable areas of abundant public education resources,general areas of public education resources and poor areas of public education resources.Among them,the resource-rich areas were highly concentrated in the pearl river delta,the coastal areas of eastern Guangdong province and the mountainous areas of eastern Guangdong province in the late Qing dynasty,and then the whole province was dispersed in the Republic of China.The resource-poor areas were mainly concentrated in the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong province from the coastal areas of western Guangdong province in the late Qing dynasty to the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong province in the Republic of China.For this reason,natural geographical environment and population size restrict the development of regional public education resources allocation,while political,economic and cultural factors also play a direct or indirect impact in the process of change.