From 'New Culture' To 'Partization':The Transfor Mation Of Local Public Sphere After The May 4th Movement

After the new culture movement,the number of newspapers and magazines in Wujiang area has been increasing,but most of them died in a short time due to poor organization and insufficient funds.The distribution of local newspapers in Wujiang is deeply influenced by Shanghai.Wujiang's local newspapers and magazines have formed an atmosphere of 'voice and spirit responding' in the process of contact and confrontation.Under the tide of the New Culture Movement,the promotion and esteem of 'New Culture' has become the main purpose of the local newspapers and magazines in Wujiang.After the new culture spreads to the county,township and even village level,it will inevitably confront and collide with folk culture.Local new intellectuals,traditional gentry and local officials engaged in fierce discussions around the folk activities of the Zhenze Shuangyanghui.In addition to the basic function of journalism,local newspapers and magazines are committed to creating an environment of public opinion and supervising the development of local undertakings.At the end of the Qing Dynasty,a more typical managerial public sphere appeared,that is,local groups with local gentry as the core to assist the country to manage grassroots society,including the Red Cross Society,leased farmstead with rental allocated for the relief of the needy among one' s own clan and other organizations responsible for local welfare and charity,as well as the cross regional public management organization Pingshe.Civic commune is a new type of management public field in Wujiang area after the May 4th movement.The rise of the concept of 'society' makes the new cultural movement transform into social movement to a certain extent in the process of descending.Wujiang Civic communes were founded from 1922 to 1924,mainly including Shengshe Commune,Lili Commune,Tongli Commune,Beishe Commune,Luxu Commune,Xinta Commune,Bache Commune,Zhenze Commune and Shengze Commune.The establishment process and management contents of these communes are different.After the May 4th movement,the local public sphere has been effectively expanded in its activity space.On the one hand,thanks to the 'improvement' and'Popularization' of new culture movement,local intellectuals are committed to carrying out public education and knowledge dissemination activities in local areas.Compared with the traditional public space such as teahouse,new space such as reading service,civilian night school emerged in the local.On the other hand,political issues have also entered the local society and become the prominent theme of public space.Specifically,political issues in local society are mainly reflected in nationalist demonstrations.The May 4th movement is also echoing in local space,one after another.The 'Partization' of critical public sphere is closely related to the Kuomintang background of local newspapers in Wujiang.In just two or three years,Liu Yazi's thoughts have changed dramatically,from 'culture' to 'Partization'.Under the influence of Partization,since Sun Yat-sen' s memorial service in May 1925,the speech about local public utilities in Xinlili gradually decreased,while the content of propaganda for the party' s righteousness of Kuomintang and the activities organized by Wujiang Kuomintang gradually increased.A large number of association members joined the Kuomintang and became members of the Kuomintang.The development of the basic party organizations of the Kuomintang and the extension of their tentacles gradually eroded the public affairs of the original organizations.Doctrines continue to be faith and religion,and quickly become the only way for individuals to seek the ultimate solution to national and social problems.