On Diachronic Evolution And Synchronic Distribution Of Verbs With The Meaning Of"boil"

To express the conception of "heating food in water",we often use zhu(?)in Modern Chinese,and zha(?)is also used in some dialects.In Ancient Chinese,there are different expressions such as peng(?),zhu(?),fou(?),xiang(?),er(?),jian(?),yue(?),dun(?),ao(?),wei(?),chao(?),an(?)and zheng().We call these words "boil" semantic verbs.This paper is divided into three parts.The first part is the introduction,which mainly introduces the research object and research significance of this paper,sorts out the research status of the "boiled" verb,and explains the corpus and research methods used in this paper.The second part is the main body of this paper,a total of three chapters.The first chapter,referring to the general view of the academic community,the history of Chinese is divided into three periods: Ancient Chinese,Middle Ancient Chinese and Modern Chinese.In Ancient Chinese,there were seven verbs to express the meaning of "boil",which were peng(?),zhu(?),jian(?),er(?),fou(?),yue(?)and xiang(?).Peng(?)was appeared earlier,and it has appeared in The book of songs.It is the most frequently used and widely distributed word in the whole ancient Chinese period.The main object of this word is meat.Zhu(?)appeared in the Western Han Dynasty,which was synonymous with peng(?),and its objects were various,but its purpose was more focused on "treating diseases",and its eating objects were patients.Jian(?)and er(?)are all meat ingredients,jian(?)emphasizes the result of "water drying" in semantics,and er(?)emphasizes the object of ripeness and rottenness.Fou(?),yue(?)and xiang(?)are used lessly in the literature,especially xiang(?)only appears in the book of The book of songs,which is no longer used by future generations.In grammar,each word can be used as a predicate in a sentence,followed by an object.In the middle ancient Chinese period,three new words were added: zha(?),an(?)and zheng(),and the words er(?)and xiang(?)were disappeared.In this period,there were eight semantic verbs of "boil".The main change in this period is the rise of the status of zhu(?): first,the frequency of use has increased greatly,whether it is Chinese or Buddhist Scripture literature,the frequency of use of zhu(?)is equivalent to peng(?);second,during the Southern and Northern Dynasty,the "treatment of disease" and "relief" and other additional meanings gradually disappeared,especially in the historical materials.Peng(?)used the former generation's usage,but no new usage comes into being.Most of it refers to the allusions in the previous generation's literature.It has a strong combination ability with other words.The replacement of peng(?)by zhu(?)began to sprout.Zha(?)was first seen in "Qimin Yaoshu".It means to put fruits and vegetables into boiling water to make them smell fishy.An(?)and zheng()have the same meaning.They are only found in the "Qi Min Yao Shu".They emphasize that the ingredients and condiments are cooked together,and are mostly used in the names of dishes.In modern Chinese,four new words were added: ao(?),dun(?),wei(?)and chao(?)and an(?)and zheng()were withdrawn.In the Yuan Dynasty,the replacement of peng(?)by zhu(?)was completed,and peng(?)was retained in the written language with strong classical features such as fixed terms,poems and allusions,or participated in word formation as a morpheme.The words of jian(?),ao(?),chao(?),dun(?)and wei(?)are different in cooking object,cooking time,fire size,water boiling degree and other aspects,reflecting the gradual maturity and refinement of cooking technology in this period.The difference between jian(?)and ao(?)mainly lies in the different cooking objects.The objects of jian(?)are mostly medicines,while the objects of ao(?)are mainly porridge.Dun(?)and wei(?)are similar in semantic features,such as slow fire and long time,but the result of dun(?)emphasizes cooked rotten,which is different from wei(?).Chao(?)means to boil the ingredients into boiling water to remove the fishy smell.It has the same meaning as zha(?)in the northern and Southern Dynasties.The emergence of chao(?)is related to the transformation of zha(?)into "fried" field.The second chapter discusses the replacement of peng(?)with zhu(?).In the northern and Southern Dynasties,the zhu(?)began to replace the peng(?)and completed in the Yuan Dynasty at the latest.The peng(?)was mostly retained in the fixed structure,allusions,poems and other classical Chinese language materials,or existed in compound words as word building morphemes,such as pengren(??)and pengtiao(??).There are three main reasons for replacement:the clarity of meaning,the morpheme of peng(?)and the economy of language.The third chapter,referring to “The Chinese dialects atalas” and other dialect materials,describes the distribution of "boil" verbs in modern Chinese dialects,and attempts to make a diachronic explain of this distribution.The third part is the conclusion.This paper summarizes the research process and conclusions,and points out the shortcomings of this paper.