| The national official-seal is a special type of ancient seal,this type of seal is generally awarded by the central dynasty to the surrounding nationalities,is an important witness of the national relations at that time.This type of seal is unique in its shape and content,and there has been a certain amount of accumulation,but there is no systematic collation,and scholars have had some study of this type of seal,but there is insufficient understanding of its specific meaning and system of use.Therefore,this paper makes a preliminary exploration of the seal form and identification features of such seals based on the collection and collation of known national public sealsThe first chapter is an overview of the information available on national public seals.On the basis of the results of previous research,the object and purpose of the study were clarified and the number of known national official seals were collated,including genealogical records,archaeological excavations,museum collections and private collections according to the sources.The archaeological excavators,which has more background information,will be discussed in detail.The seals were often close to the areas where the nationalities were activeThe second chapter,the age of the national official seals will be discussed.The number of national official seals is large,some of them are controversial.By combining historical documents and excavated materials,get a focused discussion of the age of such sealsThe third chapter is a study of the form of the national seal,including its size,texture,buttons,etc.In terms of size,from the Western Han to the Jin Dynasty,its overall tendency is becoming smaller.In terms of texture,related to the rank of the national officials,the gold seals get higher rank,followed by gilt,silver and bronze,but there are also a large number of high-grade seals made of low-grade materials,proving that their system is not strictly enforced.In terms of knot decoration,the national public seal mainly used camel,sheep,horse,snake and other animal knot decoration,different times and national knot decoration have different forms.On the basis of the arrangement of the seal patterns and the documentation of the various nationalities,it is inferred that the choice of buttons and ornaments is related to the environment in which the people liveThe forth chapter examines the system of making,conferring and using of the national seal.The official national seal is issued by the central government to national chiefs and officials at all levels of the nation,who are subject to reunification or peaceful interactions,and is worn around the waist as a practical seal in daily life.The awards are made to kings,vassals,generals,monarchs and governors,most of whom come from the national officials system and are also integrated with the central government.It is also very characteristic in its writing,often bearing the central dynasty's state symbols,and in the seal there are such accolades as "Shuaishan(having good intentions)" and "Guiyi(return righteousness)".In addition,this type of seal has a strong symbolic significance,both in the choice of buttons and the seal textThe fifth chapter summarizes the identification features of such seals in various periods.It is specifically divided into the Western Han,Xinmang,Eastern Han,Wei,Shu Han and the two Jin periods,each period has a unique place in terms of texture,form,seal content and style,which is an important reference for the identification of national public seals of various periods.Finally,the question of the age and authenticity of some of the heirloom national seals is explored and their own identification is givenThrough collation and research,it was found that the official seal given by the central dynasty in the Han,Wei and Jin dynasties was an important part of the ancient official seal system,its form and system have a unique place,which has a certain significance to the understanding of ancient national relations,national officer system and seal system. |
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