Three Stages Of Marx's Free Thought Development And Their Internal Relations

Marx's thought of freedom has undergone a process of change from rationalism to labor freedom and then to communism.In this process,Marx's thought of freedom has realized continuous criticism and transcendence,reconstruction and creation.Marked by Marx's works,it divides all stages,from the period of Doctoral Dissertation to Rhine Newspaper,from the period of Rationalist Freedom View,from Hegel's Criticism of Legal Philosophy to the period of Labor Freedom View of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844(hereinafter referred to as "Manuscripts");from Feuerbach Outline to German Ideology and later to the Communist Freedom View.In the first stage,Marx basically inherited the self-consciousness and free will thought of the young Hegelians,regarded self-consciousness as the subject of freedom,emphasized freedom of will,and from the rational principle,advocated that the realization of freedom depends on law and state,because law and state represent the universality of interests.Although Marx saw the contradiction between reality and rationality at this time and questioned it,he still believed in rationality and took universal rationality as the way to realize freedom.The freedom of press and publication he called for was based on law and national rationality.In the second stage,on the basis of criticizing Hegel's view of state,Marx traced back the foundation of freedom from the universal rationality of the state to civil society,pointing out that alienated labor and division of labor are the essential foundation of alienated people in civil society.Only by eliminating alienated labor and division of labor and sibilating private ownership can human freedom be realized.In the Manuscript of Economics and Philosophy of 1844,Marx began to study freedom from the perspective of material interests.Although Marx thought that human essential freedom was abstract at this time,his view of freedom was essentially different from Hegel's rational freedom.He no longer pursued freedom of idea from universal reason,but advocated human essential freedom on the basis of labor free radical by combining human essence with freedom.In the third stage,Marx believed that the most fundamental activity to realize freedom was the practice of material production,and the degree of people's possession of material means of production was proportional to the degree of freedom.Under the capitalist mode of production,freedom is only the freedom of capital.Only by eliminating private ownership,forming social possession and establishing the "Free Man Consortium",can the freedom of independent activities of each subject be realized.At this stage,Marx's view of freedom surpassed Hegel's rationalistic view of freedom and Feuerbach's humanistic philosophy,which is called Communist view of freedom.The three stages of the development of Marx's concept of freedom are not completely separated,but have their inherent relations.Firstly,Marx's rationalistic view of freedom is not limited to the absolutization of self-consciousness,but emphasizes the unity of self-consciousness and the outside world,and advocates the reality of philosophy.Marx actively participated in social and political activities during the Rhine Period.After reflecting on a large number of social realistic problems,especially the role of material interests in real life,Marx put the exploration of freedom in the civil society and began to criticize Hegel's rationalistic freedom view,revealing the alienation of human freedom essence and the necessity of eliminating alienation foundation.Sex.Secondly,the practical viewpoint demonstrated by Marx in the stage of Communist freedom view has sprouted in the Manuscript.Although the viewpoint that practice is regarded as the objective activity of human beings in transforming the external world is still abstract,it points out that the basic content of practice,the objectivity,subjectivity and creativity of practical activities have contributed to the formation of practical viewpoints in the future.Thirdly,although Marx did not find a way to eliminate the division of labor in the Manuscript,his later research on the relationship between division of labor and alienation and private ownership is just an in-depth study of the remaining issues of the Manuscript.The transformation of Marx's view of freedom is essentially the transformation of Marx's understanding of the core of freedom.Both the rational freedom and the labor freedom belong to the form freedom.Under the guidance of historical materialism,Marx found the way to realize the substantive freedom and completed the innovation of his free thought.Communist view of freedom is Marxist view of freedom.Rationalism view of freedom and labor view cannot be regarded as Marxist free thought,especially because Marx once advocated rationalism view of freedom and accordingly regarded this period's free thought as Marxist free thought and evaluated today's freedom problem.