From "Learning By Doing" To "Learning By Making":The Origination Of The Idea Of Makers' Education And The Historical Evolution

Since the turn of the century,the rapid development of information technology has gradually extended its influence to all areas of social life,and has continuously led the reform and innovation of educational development.The popularization of information technology in human social life has shaped a completely new information-based spatio-temporal scenario.Among these,the exponential growth and rapid flow of information have become the most significant characteristics of the times,and the knowledge explosion triggered thereby has on the one hand prosperous humanity.Cultural education innovation has brought unprecedented opportunities.On the other hand,it has brought great challenges to carrying forward the educational heritage of human civilization.The information technology-driven digital learning concept puts forward new requirements for the future in the cultivation of talents in education,which directly promotes the change of the theme from "knowledge-based learning" to "creative learning".In the organizational structure of education in the context of informationization,modern technologies based on computers,the Internet,and multimedia are establishing a new institutional norm between teaching communities,and"creativity" has become the trend of the times for the future development of human education,which are the school education development roadmap under the cultural background of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation".As a new education model that specializes in cultivating creative talents,Maker Education has brought great opportunities for education innovation in the 21st century,and has created a new era of fostering passenger-creation talents.In order to further grasp the opportunity brought by Maker Education and clarify the basic rules of its promotion of educational reform,so as to promote the innovative development of information education in the course of practice.The article starts from the dual perspectives of social evolution and education development,analyzes in depth the ideological evolution of maker education,and on the basis of summing up the historical experience to systematically analyze the impedance and challenges encountered by the maker education,and believes that Dewey's "learning by doing",which replaces the abstract semantic symbols with the reorganization of direct experience from the perspective of empirical naturalism,is the source of thought that gave birth to education.After taking the view of Dewey's empiricism,Bruner explored "how humans organize experience to promote intellectual development" through the psychological experiments of cognitive representation,and created "structuralism teaching" and"discovery learning" theories to give instruction in the teaching of maker education.Based on a solid scientific foundation,Seymour Papert,on the basis of absorbing and integrating Dewey and Bruner's core ideas,introduced the key concepts of activity creation and representation restatement,and further developed a "learning by making"based on tool construction,which make Maker education finally reach the stage of history under the blessing of information technology and provides operational guidance.From the "learning by doing" of the progressive education movement to the"learning by discovery" of the curriculum reform movement to the "learning by making"of the informational education,the transformation between these three concepts has shown that the education development has evolved in different periods of time in the way of learning.The cultural appeal of change has become an important ideological source to promote the creation and development of maker education at the turn of the century.Grasping the theoretical relevance and the basic context underlying the three are not only conducive to the interpretation of the underlying logic behind the twists and turns in the educational reform movement of the 20th century in the historical context in which the changing times and diffusion of technology are intertwined,but also sums up the ongoing education in this process.The evolution of the wave of change is more critical;it is based on Dewey,Bruner,and Papert three positions in education and research.It can effectively develop the practice of Maker Education from the perspective of the three layers of depth of philosophy,psychology,and pedagogy.Providing a rich theoretical nourishment,so as to open up a more ambitious and open academic vision for the innovative development of human education in the 21 st century.