A Multi-level Analysis Of The Determinants For Adolescents' In-school Extracurricular Physical Activities

Research purpose:Physical inactivity has become one of the four major risk factors for death worldwide.According to the national physical examination bulletin,physical inactivity leads to an increase in the incidence of chronic noncommunicable diseases and a decline in physical health among students of all ages.The social ecological model proposes that the linkage and cooperation between different levels can effectively promote the change of physical activities of adolescents.Based on the results of the previous series of studies,this study determined seven determinants affecting the individual level,interpersonal level and organizational level of adolescents'participation in physical activities in and out of school through horizontal status analysis and small sample longitudinal intervention experiment.Through the questionnaire survey of teenagers in central cities of Yangtze river delta,the determinants affecting teenagers'participation in extra-curricular physical activities in schools are verified,and the multi-level interactive analysis is carried out to make clear the direction for the subsequent development of comprehensive intervention strategies affecting teenagers'participation in extra-curricular physical activities in schools.Research method:Based on the determinants determined by individual level,interpersonal level and organizational level in the social ecological model,the questionnaire was integrated,and data were obtained through questionnaire distribution and recovery.Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were carried out to explore the differences among different genders,grades,cities,and mothers'education levels.At the same time with physical activity and physical activity duration as dependent variable,to involve three levels of self-efficacy,attitude?individual level?,social support,family or friends/peer social support,teachers'social support?interpersonal level?environment,school sports,school sports policy?organizational level?,and other factors as independent variables,the multi-level model building,structural equation model build,fitting and analysis.Research results:?1?After the three levels of influencing factors were brought into the regression model,R²=0.036,F=18.296,p<0.01,and the multi-layer regression model was effective.The weights of the first,second and third levels are 0.286,0.464 and 0.250respectively?non-standardized coefficient?.It indicates that the multi-level levels affecting the participation of teenagers in the central cities of Yangtze river delta in extra-curricular physical activities are:interpersonal level,individual level and organizational level.?2?After the three-level influencing factors were brought into the regression model,R²=0.033,F_{physical activity amount}=7.178,R²=0.043,F _duration=9.349,p<0.01,and the regression model was effective.It is worth noting that the regression coefficient of teachers'influence on young students'participation in physical activities inside and outside school is negative.The results of regression analysis showed that the interpersonal level of family social support had a statistically significant effect on the amount and duration of physical activities in and out of school?p<0.01?.?3?According to the multi-level model analysis that distinguishes different central cities,there are no statistically significant factors affecting the amount and time of teenagers'physical activities in and out of school in Hangzhou.It was found in Shanghai that individual level of self-efficacy and interpersonal level of family social support had significant effects on adolescents'participation in physical activities in and out of school?p<0.05?.Nanjing city found that interpersonal level of family social support had a significant impact on adolescents'participation in physical activities in and out of school?p<0.05?.Hefei found that interpersonal level of family social support and organizational level of school sports environment had a significant impact on the participation of adolescents in physical activities outside the school?p<0.05?.?4?The structural equation model fitting analysis results show that:The fitting indexes all reached the fitting standard,and the model fitting degree was relative good.Through path analysis,it can be found that the path coefficients of all latent variables are positive and significant?p<0.01?,indicating that there is a causal relationship between all latent variables.?5?Structural equation model and path analysis found that the organizational level of the three levels can indirectly affect the interpersonal level??=0.592,p<0.01?through the individual level??=0.724,p<0.01?;it can also directly affect Interpersonal level??=0.397,p<0.01?;and interpersonal level directly affects the amount of youth participating in extracurricular physical activities in school??=0.168,p<0.01?and duration??=0.205,p<0.01?.?6?There is a very significant difference in the amount of physical activity of extra-curricular young people participating in the school(t _{physical activity amount}=2.816,p<0.01),but the difference in the duration of physical activity is not statistically significant(t _duration=1.894,p>0.05).There are very significant gender differences in influencing factors such as self-efficacy and attitude(t _{self-efficacy}=4.345,t _attitude=4.028,p<0.01),and significant differences in teacher social support(t _{teacher social support}=-2.013,p<0.05);and there is no gender difference in family,friends/peer social support,school sports environment and school sports policies(t _{family social support}=0.313,t _friend/peer social support=1.175,t school sports environment=-0.128,t school sports policy=-0.696,p>0.05).?7?The duration of youth participation in extracurricular physical activities in different grades showed very significant differences among grades(F _duration=4.851,p<0.01);but there was no significant difference in physical activity(F _{physical activity amount}=2.797,p>0.05).Among them,the eighth and ninth grades have very significant differences in the duration of physical activity?p<0.01?,and there are significant differences in the amount of physical activity?p<0.05?.There were no significant differences in influencing factors among adolescents of different grades(F _{self-efficacy}=0.106,F attitude=0.044,F family social support=0.359,F friend/peer social support=0.098,F teacher social support=2.382,F school sports environment=0.188,F school sports policy=0.509,p>0.05).?8?The duration and physical activity of young people in different central cities in the Yangtze River Delta participating in extracurricular physical activities(F _{physical activity amount}=22.425,F _duration=18.049,p<0.01),and the three levels of influencing factors were shown Very significant difference(F _{self-efficacy}=6.291,F attitude=7.110,F _familysocial support=15.877,F friend/peer social support=7.009,F teacher social support=4.661,F school sports environment=19.501,F school sports policy=28.835,p<0.01).?9?The mother's education level does not have statistical significance on the difference of adolescents'participation in extracurricular physical activities in school(F _{physical activity amount}=0.534,F _duration=1.223,p>0.05),but in attitude,family social support,There are very significant differences in influencing factors such as school sports environment and policy cognition(F _attitude=7.177,F _{family social support}=2.024,F _{school sports environment}=5.407,F _{school sports policy}=7.186,p<0.01).There was a significant difference in social support(F _{teacher social support}=3.487,p>0.05).There was no significant difference between self-efficacy and friend/peer support(F _{self-efficacy}=2.413,F _{friend/peer social support}=2.024,p?29?0.05).Conclusion:?1?There is interaction between the three levels that affect teenagers'participation in extra-curricular physical activities in the central cities of Yangtze river delta.The most important level of interaction is interpersonal level,followed by organizational level at the individual level.Importance should be attached to the important role of social support of adolescent family and friends/peers in promoting their participation in physical activities inside and outside school;Secondly,enhance the individual self-efficacy and correct the attitude of participating in physical activities;Finally,strengthen the construction of school sports environment and policy.The following comprehensive intervention strategies should be designed in accordance with the linkage of"home-individual-school".?2?The antecedents of interpersonal level factors are organizational level factors,and organizational level factors also have an indirect influence on interpersonal factors through individual level factors,thus affecting physical activities of adolescents.The follow-up comprehensive intervention strategy should be based on the school,affect the individuals in the school,and link the family,so as to achieve the ultimate goal of promoting adolescents'participation in physical activities.?3?Future comprehensive intervention strategies should be targeted and comprehensive based on different weights and influencing factors at different levels.To improve the school sports environment?such as providing perfect sports equipment,adding opening hours of venues,etc.?,combine the school sports policies?publicity,cultural sharing,creating atmosphere?,and give play to the teachers'social support for physical activities;To improve teenagers'self-efficacy in physical activities and their attitude towards physical activities outside school;Targeted and integrated interventions that combine the critical role of family and friends/peers in providing social support.?4?In order to promote young people in central cities of Yangtze river delta to participate in extra-curricular physical activities,hangzhou youth should focus on strengthening social support from friends/peers.For teenagers in Shanghai,we should focus on strengthening self-efficacy and family social support.The young people in nanjing should be supported by family and society.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the family social support and improve the students'cognition of the school sports environment.