| In the past 40 years,with the reform and opening-up policy carrying out,China's urbanization has been advancing rapidly,there is a high-speed development in social and economic.However,there are still some urgent issues to deal with,such as inadequate development of imbalance,poor quality,and lack of endogenous motivation.Although urban land is a major carrier for the development,it has the problems like unreasonable structure of land use,low level of intensive utilization,and loss of land revenue.As an important indicator to measure the quality and level of urban development,urban land use efficiency has become an important issue for scholars,city managers and citizens.Nowadays,Chongqing is in a critical period,in which economic development mode is transforming from high-speed to high-quality.It has a certain guidance to explore the theories,methods,and promotion paths of urban land use efficiency,to analyze their spatial-temporal differences and influencing factors,and formulate differentiate urban land use policies and governance strategies.Based on this,this article takes 38 districts and counties in Chongqing as the research unit.Firstly,the article will sort out the research in urban land use efficiency in China and abroad,and comprehensively explain the theories of urban land and urban land use efficiency.Secondly,this article constructs a measurement index system for input and output efficiency,including economic,social,and environmental.Based on the super-efficient SBM model,the paper measures the urban land use efficiency in Chongqing and identifies the causes of the loss of urban land use efficiency through input-output redundancy analysis.Then it uses coefficient of variation,Theil index and exploratory spatial data analysis method(ESDA)to describe the dynamic changes and spatial differences of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing.Finally,the Tobit model was used to test the factors that affect urban land use efficiency in Chongqing.basing on the characteristics and problems reflected in the previous studies,policy recommendations for improving urban land use efficiency were proposed.The main findings of this article are as follows:(1)The measurement results of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing show that: The land use efficiency of Chongqing showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2004 to 2015.The difference in urban land use efficiency between districts,counties,and partitions is significant.There are 15 districts and counties in high value areas(greater than 1)and 20 districts and counties in low value areas(below 0.926).The result of Sorting by efficiency is as follows,Main city of Chongqing(Region I)> Northeast of Chongqing(Region III)> Southeast of Chongqing(Region IV)> Expansion Area of main city(Region II).(2)The analysis of the input-output redundancy of urban land use efficiency shows that redundancy of land inputs,low output of secondary and tertiary industries and excess industrial waste water discharge are the main factors that cause loss of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing.Efficiency loss in Regional I is due to capital and land input redundancy,as well as excessive concentration of PM10.Efficiency loss in Regional II is due to the redundant effect of land input,industrial waste water and industrial solid waste.Efficiency loss in Region III is due to redundant urban land inputs,insufficient output of secondary and tertiary industries,and redundant labor input.Efficiency loss in Regional IV is due to the redundancy of urban land,the output value of secondary and tertiary industries,and the insufficient output of urban residents' per capita disposable income.We should pay attention to the conservation of resources and the protection of the environment for the future development of the region.(3)Spatial and temporal differences of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing from 2004 to 2015 are as below: The coefficient of variation and Theil Index calculation results show that the gap in urban land use efficiency between cities in Chongqing has gradually narrowed,and the internal differences among the partitions are the main sources of differences in land use efficiency in Chongqing.The exploratory spatial analysis Moran index calculation results show that similar districts and counties in Chongqing gather in space and significant high-value and low-value agglomeration in geographical space.With the development of social economy,high-value clustering centers such as Yuzhong and Shapingba,which are located in the main city area of Chongqing,have a tendency to spread to the east.The low-value agglomeration center showed the trend of transition from Yunyang and Youyang in the initial stage of the study period to the expansion area of main city(Region II)like Tongnan.(4)The paper use Tobit model to test the influencing factors of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing,the results show that per capita GDP,industrial structure,urbanization rate,and land marketization have a significant positive impact on urban land use efficiency;The level of opening up to the outside world and the level of scientific research input have a positive effect on urban land use efficiency,but it is not significant during the study period;Population density and land revenue have a significant negative impact on urban land use efficiency.(5)Based on the characteristics and problems reflected in the above studies,suggestions for the improvement of urban land use efficiency in Chongqing are as below:(1)The government should advocate energy-saving and reduce emission to build an ecological city;(2)Pay attention to regional coordination and give full play to the role of radiation in central districts and counties;(3)Change the mode of economic development and adjust the industrial structure;(4)Improve the level of science and technology,strengthen opening to the outside world;(5)Advance the process of urbanization orderly and improve the quality of urban development;(6)Implement a dynamic assessment system for urban land use to make the harmony and unity of economic,social and environmental benefits on land use. |
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