Research On The Change Of Rural Community Participation Pattern From The Perspective Of Institutional Embeddability

Researching the rural community participation in tourism development from the perspective of "institutions" has been the main theme of community tourism.Previous studies focused on the macro level of the institutional arrangements and settings of community participation in tourism.In recent years,some studies have started from the perspective of institutional embeddedness to reveal how institutions constraint and influence the rural community participation in tourism.However,further study is required to accumulate case study and theoretical construction.Qing Hutang village is located in the entrance of a world heritage site Danxia mountain.In the early 1990's,it was initially involved in tourism development in a government-led "top-down" model.But it was not until 2012 that most of the community residents began to participate in tourism development.Moreover,its economy is ten years behind Yao Tan and Duan Shi village,within less than a few kilometers from it.Therefore,this study analyzes the community participation in Qing Hutang with the theoretical perspectives of institutional embeddedness,to reveal the reasons that hinder the community's participation in tourism development and provide the same type of communities with theoretical guidance and practical advice.This article mainly using the in-depth interview,grounded theory and proces-event analysis method,adopts the Nvivo11.0 to analyze the data,and draws the following conclusion: The tourism participation of Qing Hutang could be divided into three stages.It is from spontaneous participation of individuals to organizational participation,and then to mass participation.What's more,the change of the mode of community participation in tourism are mainly affected by formal institution(mainly villager autonomy institution,land management institution,policy of new rural construction and planning institution of the scenic spot)and informal institution(mostly clan institution,village regulations,village culture and the values of the villagers).Besides,at different stages of community participation in tourism development,the institution mainly leading the change of community participation pattern is different.In the community's individual participation stage,the community participation is mainly embedded in the institution of villagers' autonomy,land management institution and scenic spot's planning institution.What's more,the informal institution,such as clan institution,village rule,and monopolistic village culture,dominate the organizational participation stage of the community.In thepublic participation stage,the balanced village culture plays a leading role in decision-making participation,but the restraining effect of economic participation and social participation is ineffective,leading to the popularity of community individualism and causing a series of social problems,such as vicious price competition and canvassing.