| Science and technology planning plays an important guiding role in the development of science and technology.Countries in the world attach great importance to the planning.With the assistance of the Soviet Union,the New China was able to formulate and implement its first scientific and technological plan – "The Longitudinal Plan for Scientific and Technological Development of 1956-1967"(hereinafter referred to as the "Twelve-year Plan").The "Twelve-year Plan" guides and promotes the establishment and development of emerging science and technology categories in China at that time;it provides a major reference for the subsequent planning of science and technology;and it enables China's scientific and technological undertakings to operate under the guidance of the national science and technology program.Therefore,the "Twelve-year Plan" has played a role in the promotion of science and technology development in Ch ina,as well as the milestone status in the history of the development of science and technology development plans,which is incomparable by other science and technology plans.With the in-depth review of its introduction history and its impact on the development of science and technology in specific historical periods,and summing up their advantages and disadvantages,has important historical and practical significance for how to better carry out scientific and technological planning in our country and lead the development of scientific and technological undertakings.However,at present,there is a lack of systematic research on the "Twelve-year Plan" in the academic world.In view of the far-reaching impact of the "Twelve-year Plan" on China's scientific and technological development and the formulation of scientific and technological planning,this article has comprehensively reviewed the formulation and implementation of the "Twelve-year Plan" through in-depth literature research and the chart analysis and thus we conducted a more systematic research.First of all,the historical background of the formulation of the "Twelve-year Plan" was studied with historical research methods.We clarified the level of scientific and technological development in China during the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China,and elaborated the factors affecting the development of the "Twelve-year Plan" from both domestic and international perspectives with the restoration of specific historical situation s.By analyzing the role of the ahead of schedule completion of the "1st Five-Year Plan" in the formulation of the "Twelve-Year Plan" and how the New China's science and technology team was initially established,we clearly defined the important influence of the Soviet Union's assistance on the early stage of China's scientific and technological development.Secondly,this article specifically studied the important events in the development and implementation of the "Twelve-year Plan".Through the analysis of the five most influential related events(i.e.,the planning of 'scientific advancement','determination of planning methodology','the establishment of the Science and Technology Commission','the formulation and implementation of four emergency measures',and 'the assistance provided by the Soviet Union for the preparation and implementation of this plan)has maximally restored the course of the formulation and implementation of the "Twelve-year Plan" and clearly identified the difficulties encountered and the results.Furthermore,this article analyzes the pros and cons of the "Twelve-year Plan" and summarizes the reasons.At the same time,based on the longitudinal study of the "Twelve-year Plan",we summarize the rational methods for the preparation cycle of mid and long-term science and technology planning;Combining the history of the improvement of China's science and technology management system with the formulation,implementation,and interaction of the "Twelve-year Plan",the historical significance and impact of the "Twelve-year Plan" were thoroughly discussed.In addition,we analyzed the lack of limitations of "Twelve-year Plan" from different aspects(i.e.,the excessive concentration of administrative power results in difficulty to embody the main role of universities and industrial sectors;basic research neglection;the combination of economic development is not well achieved;the lack of evaluation,supervision,and forecasting systems).Through a systematic study of the "Twelve-year Plan",this article finally provides feasible policy recommendations for improving the formulation of China's science and technology planning and improving the effectiveness of the implementation of science and technology planning such as focusing on the role o f supervision,evaluation,and prediction in the formulation and implementation of scientific and technological planning,strengthening the legal construction of science and technology planning,enhancement of public participation,etc. |
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