The Study Of Sentence Types In "The Analects"

Most of The Analects of Confucius are quotations,which are colloquial written materials.It has two forms of language-the oral form of The Analects of Confucius period and the written form of The nalects of Confucius period.Language is composed of spoken language and written language,so the linguistic value of The Analects of Confucius is enormous.At present,the academic research on the linguistics of The Analects of Confucius focuses on vocabulary.Sentence studies are rarely visited,and declarative sentences research is unattended.This article is the first study in this area.The full text is divided into eight parts,six chapters of the text,plus conclusions and appendices.The first chapter is the introduction.It mainly introduces The Analects of Confucius and its linguistic value,the grammar system adopted in this paper,the method of deciding sentences,sentence patterns and sentence mode types,the syntactic research review of the sentence mode types of The Analects of Confucius,and the research methods and significance of this article.The second chapter studies the declarative sentences in The Analects of Confucius,which are divided into declarative sentences in speech and declarative sentences outside the discourse.It mainly discusses waitaoju(???)in the declarative sentences outside the discourse.Finally the declarative sentences are statistically analyzed from three angles--whether the sentence is in the discourse,whether there is a mood particle at the end of the sentence and what the mood particle at the end of the sentence is.The third chapter studies the interrogative sentences in "The Analects of Confucius",and divides them into three types:yes-no questions,special questions and alternative questions according to the characteristics of the structure of them.It mainly discusses the special questions.Finally the interrogative sentences are statistically analyzed from three angles--what the structure of the sentence is,whether there is a mood particle at the end of the sentence and what the mood particle at the end of the sentence is.The fourth chapter studies the imperative sentences in The Analects of Confucius and classifies them into two types--the affirmative imperative sentences and the negative imperative sentences--according to whether there is a negative word in the sentence.Finally the imperative sentences are statistically analyzed from three angles--whether there is a negative word in the sentence,whether there is a mood particle at the end of the sentence and what the mood particle at the end of the sentence is.The fifth chapter studies the exclamatory sentences in The Analects of Confucius and divides them into four types--single-word exclamatory sentence,single-word plus mood particle exclamatory sentence,subject-predicate phrase exclamatory sentence,and non-subject-predicate phrase exclamatory sentence--according to the structure of the sentence.It mainly discusses subject-predicate phrase exclamatory sentence.Finally the exclamatory sentences are statistically analyzed from three angles--what the structure of the sentence is,whether there is a mood particle at the end of the sentence and what the mood particle at the end of the sentence is.The sixth chapter studies the Huyingju(???)in The Analects of Confucius and classifies them into two types--the calling sentence(??)and the answering sentence from the composition of the sentence.Finally the Huyingju(???)are statistically analyzed from three angles--what the composition of the sentence is,whether there is a mood particle at the end of the sentence and what the mood particle at the end of the sentence is.The conclusion part summarizes the full text,discusses the new findings,new conclusions of this article,new ideas and new methods adopted in the study.The appendix section is the discriminating of the difficult sentences and not the sentences in The Analects of Confucius.The discriminating of difficult sentences is to discriminate the irrational parts of punctuation of the The Annotation of The Analects of Confucius(????).According to statistics,there are 2,246 sentences in The Analects of Confucius,most of which are declarative sentences.A small part is interrogative sentences,few are exclamatory sentences,and very few are imperative sentences or huyingju(???).Most of the sentences had no mood particle at the end of the sentence,and the mood particles used at the end of the sentence are mainly "?",followed by "?" and "?",followed by "?"and "?".The function of individual mood particle is diverse and relatively concentrated.For example,most of "?" and”?”are used to express the declarative mood.Most of " ?" and "?" are used to express interrogative mood.And“?”is mostly used to express exclamatory mood.In short,this article achieves the first overall description of the sentence mode type of The Analects of Confucius and especially the first description of the declarative sentences of The Analects of Confucius.In the lower classification of declarative sentences,Mr.Xing Fuyi's viewpoint was used to discover a large number of waitaoju(???)and quote sentences(???),and based on this,the concept of self-stated sentences(???)was proposed.When classifying interrogative sentences,we abandon the combination of traditional formal standard and questionable standard and divided them into three types--yes-no questions,special questions and alternative questions just according to formal standard.Think of huyingju(???)as another subcategory of sentence mood type.