Duan Qirui Government And The Study Of Social Development In The Early Republic Of China (1916-1918)

At the beginning of ROC,Chinese society was in a period of great change,which involved politics,economy,education and other aspects.Duan Qirui's government was the central government which had been in power for a long time in the early of ROC.Its governance measures had a great impact on the early of ROC.Duan's government in power since June 29,1916 Duan Qirui was appointed to form a cabinet to October 10,1918 he was resigned,the survival of 2 years four months.Although he resigned briefly because of political disputes in the middle,he was finally able to come to power again.During the operation of the government,efforts are made to promote national governance in order to stabilize the central regime.The academic research on Duan Qirui's government mostly focused on the specific political and military events such as'Courtyard battle','participation in World War I'and 'Anhui dictatorship',but did not systematically examine Duan's government in the overall environment of the early of ROC.Based on the historical view of modernization,this paper aims to analyze the background of Duan Qirui's government and its political,economic and educational measures and their effects,so as to explore the internal links between Duan Qirui's government and the social development in the early of ROC,and evaluate its achievements and losses in governance,so as to understand the government comprehensively and objectively.The full text is divided into six parts:The first part is the introduction.This paper mainly introduces the origin,significance,research status,research methods,innovation and shortcomings of this topic.The second part mainly analyses the background of Duan Qirui's government.Firstly,analyze the complicated political situation of China after the collapse of Hong Xian's monarchy.Secondly,describe the general situation of Duan Qirui's organization of the government.The third part introduces Duan Qirui's political measures.First of all,clear up the imperial power.The government resolutely cracked down on the chief culprit of the monarchy of Hong Xian and opposed the restoration of Zhang Xun.Secondly,strengthen centralization.For this reason,the government launched two major measures,namely,reforming the Congress and uniting the forces.The Forth part discusses the economic policy of Duan's government.Minister of finance Chen Jintao put forward two policies to rectify the economy:one is to restore the original state and the other is to reorganize the finance.Since then,taking advantage of the favorable opportunity created by the First World War,a series of economic policies were introduced in finance,industry,commerce and agriculture,which promoted the national economic development and played an important and positive role in the social development and progress of the ROC.The fifth part discusses the education policy of Duan's government.The government inherited the Ren-Zi-Gui-Chou school system,and perfected it,and made some achievements in general education,normal education and industrial education.The sixth part is the conclusion.This paper makes a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between Duan's government and social development in the early of ROC,in order to evaluate the government's measures of governing and managing state affairs.By combing the background of Duan's government and its governance measures,this paper holds that these measures meet the requirements of social development in the early of ROC,and their effects are remarkable.At the beginning of ROC,the new and the old contradictions both existed,which urgently needs to be innovated.The government conforms to the requirements of the times,actively safeguards the Republican system and the central government authority,promotes the construction of agriculture,industry,commerce and educational undertakings,makes every effort for the development of the early of ROC,and advance the process of China's modernization.However,due to weak central authority,internal bureaucratic corruption and resistance from provincial governors,The scope and intensity of implementation of these policies are limited.Eventually,due to factional disputes,the government stepped down and the reform came to an end,which was also unexpected by the government.