Communism And Secrecy In Science

Merton's norm of conmmunism in science was derived from the extension of public ownership of property.The implication is that scientific knowledge is the public property of all mankind,and it should be open and exchanged without compensation and against secrecy.However,with the changes in the contemporary scientific society and its background,the conflict between the openness and secrecy of scientific information has been demonstrated in the interaction between the scientific community,the government,and the enterprise.Therefore,it is necessary to revisit the traditional norms of openness and secrecy.But for whatever reason,national security,commercial interests,or patent owner's rights,all these have not fundamentally shaken the position of scientific knowledge as public property.This thesis is divided into five parts.The first part is introduction.It mainly introduces the reason and significance of the topic,and based on the understanding of the academic community's understanding of the norms and secrecy of communism,it proposes my own opinions.The second part examines the historical formation of the norms of communism.On this basis,it elaborates the connotation of the norms of communism,and then explains the rationality of the norms of communism through the necessity of scientific information exchange and the positive sum game effects.The third part analyzes the types and causes of secrecy in science.Through a historical review of the secrecy behavior in the history of science,it is pointed out that in scientific research,the phenomenon of secrecy is universal,and it summarizes the forms,causes,and consequences of scientific secrecy.The fourth part discusses the conflict between openness and secrecy in contemporary science.The rise of the big sciences and the effect of the Bayh-Dole Act have shaped a new type of university-firm secrecy,then a discussion of the ethical issues of openness and secrecy was carried out with a case as the example.The fifth part is the conclusion part of this article,pointing out that the modern scientific community still has a long way to go before norms and limitations of secrecy are consistently clear and fixed.But the general principle is to promote openness,limit secrecy,and reduce secrecy.