Effect Of Farmland Transfer On Farmers' Income Change

From the household contract responsibility system to “The Separation of Three Rights” exploration,the reform of rural land system runs through the historical process of reform and opening up for more than 40 years.At the beginning of being proposed,farmland transfer is expected to invigorate the rural sleeping assets,promote the development of rural industries and the growth of farmers' income.However,with the further deepening of reform,the growths of the farmland transfer scale and farmers' income have declined significantly.The income contribution from agricultural management continues to decline,and farmland transfer may fall into the double dilemma of involution and the weak income effect.Handling the relationship between farmers and land correctly is the entry point of Rural Revitalization Strategy,and also the core of farmers' income growth.On the basis of determining whether there is income growth effect in farmland transfer,it is also necessary to increase the discussion of income gap among farmers,clarify the flow integration process of farmland transfer to resource elements,and deeply analyze the path difference of mechanism development.Driven by policies and internal driving forces,Chengdu-Chongqing areas have become the most critical growth pole in the western region,but the pattern of "big city with big countryside" shows the relative imbalance of urban and rural development.In order to promote rural coordinated development,a large number of farmland transfer practices have been carried out in these areas.As a supplement to the existing research,this study had collected 1102 questionnaires of farmers from 39 sample villages in 10 townships and streets in Chengdu-Chongqing areas.This research followed the logical framework of “ characteristic analysis-influencing factors-effect evaluation-driving mechanism”.On the basis of farmland transfer characteristics and household income in the study area,this paper compared the factors that influence the farmland transfer-in behavior and the transfer-out,then evaluated the effect of farmland transfer on the change of income structure of transfer-in households(TIH)and transfer-out households(TOH).Based on the counterfactual income from PSM,the Gini coefficient before and after transfer could be calculated to analyze of the contribution of farmland transfer to the income gap between farmers.On this foundation,this paper analyzed the driving mechanism of the income effect,and the corresponding policy implications had been put forward.The main research work and conclusions were as follows:(1)Through the descriptive analysis of household characteristics and transfer behavior,this study sorted out the questionnaire and field survey data of sample farmers.(1)In terms of household characteristics,the average age of the surveyed households is 57.36 years old,and the education level is mainly primary school and below.The average number of the total family population is 4.32,and the proportion of the annual migrant workers is 55.91%,and the contracted cultivated land area is 0.23 hm2 per household.The per capita cultivated land area is 0.05 hm2,and the fragmentation degree is 0.16 pieces / hm2,and the average cultivated radius is 683.31 meters.(2)In terms of farmland transfer characteristics,the actual rate of farmland transfer was 63.16%,which was still far behind 84.57% of farmers' willingness.The average transfer area of TIH and TOH was 0.22 hm2 and 0.17 hm2 respectively,and the transfer period was generally 10 years or less,and the proportion of the circulation period not agreed was 23.12%.The transfer mode was mainly rent,accounting for 85.98%,and the annual average price of transfer is 52.65 yuan / hm2.The transfer price of paddy field was slightly higher than that of dry land.(2)Some differences were presented in the influencing factors of farmers' transfer-in and transfer-out behavior.(1)In the aspect of farmers ' individual characteristics,the age of farmers significantly hindered the transfer-in behavior of farmland,but it promoted farmland transfer-out.Education level and health status had a significant role in promoting transfer-in and transfer-out behavior.(2)In terms of household characteristics,factors such as family burden coefficient,migrant workers,proportion of non-agricultural income and number of social security participants had a significant negative impact on the transfer-in,but also promoted the farmland transfer-out behavior significantly.The influence of family members' political experience on farmers' farmland transfer-in had passed the significance test,but failed to influence farmland transfer-out.Agricultural training had significantly enhanced the possibility of farmland transfer-in,but obviously not conducive to the occurrence of farmland transfer-out behavior.(3)On the characteristic level of cultivated land resources,the degree of cultivated land fragmentation significantly promoted the transfer behavior,while the contracted cultivated land area of households only had an impact on the transfer-out behavior,and the maximum farming radius had no significant impact on the transfer behavior.(4)At the cognitive level of farmers,the negative effect of farmland property right cognition on farmland transfer-in and transfer-out behavior reached the significant level test of 1%,while the satisfaction of government intervention presented a significant positive effect on both transfer-in and transfer-out behavior.(5)For regional difference,the economic level of villages was helpful to promote the behavior of farmland transfer.The geographical environment of villages did not exert a significant impact on the behavior of farmland transfer-in,while the farmers in hilly areas were more inclined to farmland transfer-out.(3)Farmland transfer behavior had a significant effect on the income level of farmers,but it also widened the income gap between farmers.Using the method of propensity score matching based on Logit model,it was found that the effect of farmland transfer on the per capita income growth of households reached 13.1%.Compared with the non-transfer farmers,the per capita total income growth of TIH was 23.2%,in which the per capita agricultural income and per capita non-agricultural income were 15.0% and 4.3% higher than the non-transfer farmers.The increase of per capita total income of TOH was 13.4%,and the per capita non-agricultural income was significantly higher than 14.4%,and the per capita agricultural income was significantly reduced by 15.9%.In terms of income gap,the Gini coefficient of all farmers increased from 0.3799 to 0.3895 after participating in farmland transfer,and the coefficient of TIH increased from 0.3792 to 0.3852,with the TOH increased from 0.3883 to 0.3996 after the transfer.The main driving factor of the internal income gap among farmers was the characteristics of farmers' labor allocation.The contribution of farmland transfer to TIH and TOH were 27.91% and 22.38%,ranking the second and third.(4)The income effect of farmland transfer was mainly driven by the three mechanisms which contained the scale management returns,farmland assets realization and labor division optimization,and there was complex interaction and synergy between the mechanisms.The driving mechanism of the income growth of TIH was mainly the scale management returns mechanism and the labor division optimization mechanism,while the farmland assets realization mechanism had not yet fully played its role.The income growth effect of TOH was mainly driven by the farmland assets realization and labor division optimization mechanism,while the scale management returns mechanism had not yet appeared.The driving mechanism of farmland transfer to realize the income effect was the joint action and allocation of various resource elements.(5)The research showed that the farmland transfer can effectively promote the income growth of household through the integrated allocation of contracted farmland,labor force,family capital and other household resources.Therefore,in order to improve the farmland transfer environment to promote farmers' income level,some suggestions would be put forward.Firstly,in view of the scale management returns mechanism,it is suggested to strengthen the cultivation of new agricultural management entities and promote the integrated development of rural industries.Secondly,for farmland assets realization mechanism,the determining mechanism of farmland transfer price should be improved and the standardization level of the transfer market should be promoted.Thirdly,in view of the labor division optimization mechanism,it is suggested to speed up the rural vocational education to improve the competitiveness of non-agricultural employment.