Experimental Study of Anisotropic Strength Properties of Shal

Shales have been known to be the source of wellbore instability during the drilling process. Frequently, shales are treated as isotropic for mud window calculation and trajectory design process. However, organic rich shales are anisotropic due to their laminated structure and chemical properties.;In this study, shale mechanical properties with respect to different bedding plane orientations will be studied. The goal of this study is to evaluate anisotropic mechanical properties of shale by triaxial tests and predict shale anisotropic properties by well logging data interpretation.;Shale samples were prepared with bedding plane inclination angles equal to 0 degrees, 45 degrees, and 90 degrees. Young's modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson's ratio in different directions were measured with 0 degrees inclination bedding plane sample. Parameters of the stiffness tensor were calculated by mechanical properties. Compressive strength was measured under different confining pressures of 0 psi, 500 psi, 1000 psi, and 1500 psi. The strength properties of shale samples were evaluated by both compressive strength and tensile strength. Simple Plane of Weakness and Modified Cam Clay failure criteria were applied to describe shear failure mechanism. A scanning electron microscope method was used for the comparison of micro structures between intact shale sample and failed sample with different bedding plane inclination angles.;Well logging data were used to connect experimental data and real field data. Compressional wave velocity was predicted with different inclination angle by stiffness parameters. The predicted compressional wave velocity for a 45-degree inclination angle showed a perfect fit with the field logging data. Steps of inverse sonic log data to stiffness parameters were shown by a flow chart. The UCS strength for 0 degrees and 45 degrees was predicted by several empirical relations using sonic logging data. Mud window for this special shale formation is predicted by experiment data.;As shown in experimental results, our shale sample has a weak direction for both failure criteria. Well logging data and experimental data can be connected, especially by sonic log data. However, to predict shale anisotropic strength through well logging still needs more effort.