Study On The Spatial Evolution Of Educational Buildings In Traditional Villages In Hunan

Since ancient times,Hunan has attached great importance to cultural education and strengthened management and talent training through education.As a result,the number of scholars has continuously increased,and the number of official buildings and academies is also in the forefront of the country.In the Qing Dynasty,the national literacy rate reached about 20%,but the official education system guided and supported by the central government could not cover the vast rural areas.So the local private learning system adapted to the rural environment was developed and popularized in the village autonomous bodies.In particular,the construction of traditional village Chinese education buildings that value farming-reading culture has promoted the prosperity of ancient Chinese education.The cultural and educational buildings in Hunan’s traditional villages have the multiple functions of popularizing education,selecting talents,and educating the public.With the changes of the times and social development,influenced by many factors such as the natural environment,social background,historical culture and ethnic characteristics,cultural and educational buildings in traditional villages in Hunan have shown a spatial evolution law that adapts to environmental and functional needs.Through literature review and field research,cultural and educational buildings in traditional villages in Hunan can be divided into three types: teaching,worship,and commendation.According to the educational level,cultural and educational buildings for teaching can be divided into three categories: rural colleges,schools and home school with a private tutor.At the same time,most of the existing cultural and educational buildings in Hunan traditional villages were built during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.Comprehensively considering the characteristics of dynasty changes and the development of education in Hunan,as well as the complexity and delay of the evolution of architectural space,this paper analyzes the spatial evolution characteristics of cultural and educational buildings built between 1400 AD and 1900 along the time axis in a period of 50 years.Through the horizontal comparison of the geographical and educational building levels and the vertical comparison of the construction time,This study improves the research on traditional villages and traditional buildings,analyzes the laws of spatial evolution and its influencing factors,provides a reference for the space design of modern cultural and educational buildings,and proposes a targeted protection and development strategy for cultural and educational buildings in traditional villages in Hunan.Through the comparison of the three levels of overall planning,plane shape and functional layout,it is found that compared with other places,the cultural and educational buildings in the traditional villages of southern Hunan appear the earliest and the form is the most free.Cultural and educational buildings in central Hunan appeared early,with regular forms and mainly small private school buildings;cultural and educational buildings in western Hunan appeared the latest,with large-scale buildings and the most influenced by official buildings.Cultural and educational buildings of different educational levels all show the characteristics of taking lecture halls as the core,but the higher the educational level of cultural and educational buildings,the farther they are from the residential area of the village,the more complete the building functions,and the more distinct the hierarchical relationship.At the same time,village academies,schools and home school with a private tutor have different evolutionary laws at different time stages.On the whole,the spatial form of cultural and educational buildings evolved from a fixed pattern of symmetrical along the central axis to a flexible space oriented to functional needs,constantly improving lecture functions and auxiliary functions,expanding and enriching public event spaces and courtyard spaces,enhancing the flexibility and complexity of the space and improving the efficiency of space utilization.Because of the emphasis on education and the continuous improvement of the village’s economic strength,the scale of cultural and educational buildings,including home school buildings,has gradually expanded,becoming an important public building that has a role in promoting the popularization of village education and cultural dissemination.