Study On The Spatial Evolution And Conservation And Renewal Of Traditional Lakeside Villages In The Erhai Rim

Traditional villages have a long history and are a non-renewable cultural heritage of farming civilisation.The traditional village space reflects the spatial construction behaviour,religious and cultural thoughts and production and living standards of residents in different historical periods,and is a testimony to the development of village civilisation.With the revitalisation of China’s countryside and the continuous promotion of the census of traditional villages,the conservation of traditional villages has received great attention from the state and the public.Since 2012,162 villages have been selected as national traditional villages in six batches,making Dali one of the regions with a high concentration of traditional villages in China.However,since the reform and opening up,with the development of urbanisation and rural tourism in Dali,the original trajectory of the natural growth of traditional villages has inevitably received intervention,and the village space has been damaged in the continuous construction and expansion.How to seize the opportunity of rural development,perpetuate the cultural heritage and historical value of villages,and effectively coordinate the contradiction between conservation and development is an urgent issue to be solved in Dali traditional villages.This paper focuses on the Erhai region,where traditional villages are highly concentrated,and examines the development history,number and scale of village settlements in the region.The most densely distributed lakeside villages are selected as the study area.The research objects were further identified as national traditional lakeside villages with good landscape resources,rich traditional culture and complete spatial patterns:Longxia Deng Village in Dali Town,Gusheng Village in Wanqiao Town and Changyu Village in Shuanglang Town.The village space is the material carrier of the historical value of traditional villages.In order to continue the spatial texture of the villages,the morphological characteristics of the space at each stage of development are preserved.From the perspective of historical evolution,this paper summarises the development history of the villages around the Erhai coastal lake in the new period,using time as a line.The early stage of reform and opening up,the early stage of rural tourism development and the current stage are selected as the time nodes of this paper’s research.The overall space and internal space of the villages are further studied at both macro and micro levels,summarising the manifestations of traditional village space in each period and exploring the universal characteristics that exist in the process of spatial evolution of the villages.Guided by the theory of holistic conservation and organic regeneration,the study proposes conservation and regeneration strategies at both the overall and internal spatial levels,taking into account the spatial evolution of villages.The main research contents and conclusions of this paper are as follows:(1)The development process of Binhu villages in the new period is sorted out,and the most representative time points are selected for the spatial dissection of traditional villages.This section explores the development process of the lakeside villages around the Erhai Sea in the context of rural construction and tourism development in Dali since the founding of New China,specifically divided into three stages:construction of lakeside villages(1949-1978),reform of lakeside villages(1978-2005)and revitalisation of lakeside villages(2005-present).Combined with the available historical information,the study is conducted in three time points:1976,2010 and 2022.(2)Evolutionary analysis and summary of characteristics of the overall space of traditional Lake Shore villages.In the study of the overall spatial evolution of the village,the settlement space and the surrounding landscape environment are discussed.The village space is divided into the construction area,the agricultural and forestry area,and the water system area.Its scale expansion,morphological evolution and degree of road connectivity are studied.The following conclusions were drawn:① The scale of the built-up area,the agricultural and forestry area and the water system area has changed significantly.The construction land continues to occupy agricultural and forestry land,and the rate of expansion has increased significantly,with the most significant increase in the speed of Longxia Deng village,which was developed earlier for tourism.②The spatial structure of the built-up area,the agricultural and forestry area and the water system area has changed.The "mountain-field-village-field-water" ecological pattern formed by the forest and fields surrounding the settlement is gradually disappearing;the shrinking of farmland,the disappearance of the transition zone between the villages and the Erhai Sea,and the hardening of river channels have led to the weakening of the natural elements of the regional environment.The natural elements of the area are weakening.(3)The degree of connectivity between the built-up area,the agricultural and forestry area and the water system area has increased,and the settlement space is more closely linked to the surrounding area,while the accessibility of the farmland area is significantly poorer.(3)Analysis of the evolution of the internal space of traditional lakeside villages and summary of their characteristics.In the study of the evolution of the internal space of the village,the first step was to divide the area into zones in order to study the evolution of the spatial form and functional structure of different zones.Secondly,the public space system is classified and discussed in terms of street space and node space.The following conclusions are drawn:(1)the morphological boundaries of village space have changed,from a spatial layout with the ancestral space as the core,roads and rivers as the support,and natural topography as the restriction towards regularisation;the old and new areas of the village form a combined form,and the morphological evolution of the village is based on the old area,unfolding through discrete,enclosed and linear patterns.The spatial function of the village is reconfigured,with the functional structure gradually changing from a single function of living to a primary and secondary structure in which the development of tourism services is the main focus and the livelihood of the inhabitants is secondary;the evolution of the village function is oriented,from an "inside-out" evolutionary pattern with the historical space as the core and the path as the guide.The evolution of village functions has changed from an ’inside-out’ model based on historical space to an’outside-in’model based on the resources of the Erhai Sea.Further research into the public space system reveals that:(3)the spatial distribution of nodes and their constituent elements have changed.The increase in the number of nodes,the replacement of historical nodes and the discrete distribution of new nodes have led to a gradual weakening of the centrality of public space,showing an evolutionary process from a predominantly spiritual core to a functional core to a multi-core development.The development of streets and alleys is multilevel,from a single level of "main street-secondary street" to a multi-level system of "external road-village main road-secondary road-alleyway"."In terms of street relationships,the road connectivity at the edge of the village is higher than that at the centre of the village,and the gathering of people in the village has become non-centralised;the new construction of streets and lanes is of two types:the new planning type and the old and new connecting type.(4)In view of the evolutionary characteristics,the conservation and regeneration strategies of traditional villages are proposed.Combining the theory of holistic conservation and organic renewal,the basic principles of traditional village conservation and development are established.Based on the spatial evolution characteristics of traditional lakeside villages,the conservation and regeneration strategies are proposed for both the overall space and the internal space of the villages.Taking Changyu village as an example,the design of the internal public space of the village is specifically optimised,taking into account the actual situation and usage needs of the site,and ultimately realising the preservation and optimisation of the historical value of the traditional lakeside village space.