| Cognitive avoidance is an important cognitive factor affecting adolescents’mental health.Previous studies have shown that cognitive avoidance is one of the trans-diagnostic factors that contribute to many psychological disorders,including generalized anxiety disorder,depressive disorder,and obsessive-compulsive disorder.However,previous studies did not systematically consider the characteristics of cognitive avoidance in adolescents,and scare to the relationship between cognitive avoidance and adolescent sleep quality.The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between cognitive avoidance and sleep quality in adolescents,which not only fully described the current situation and development of adolescent cognitive avoidance,but also evidenced a new cognitive pathway influencing adolescent sleep quality.The implication of this study for intervention and improvement of adolescent sleep quality has been also discussed.To fulfill the purposes,this article was designed as three sections.Multiple methods including two across-section survey and a longitudinal study were conducted,four samples consisting of a total of 2,457 adolescents were recruited from Fuzhou city,Fujian Province,China.The first part section was to test the reliability and validity of Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire(CAQ)in adolescents.In this section,a total of 734 adolescents with mean of age 14.9(SD=2.53,ranged from 12 to 18)were recruited.The second section was to test the longitudinal invariance of CAQ and the development of adolescent cognitive avoidance by a longitudinal design,which measured three times in a semester with CAQ.In this section,a sample of 394 adolescents with mean of age 13.7(SD=1.57,ranged from 11 to16)was recruited.The three section was to explore the relationship between cognitive avoidance and adolescent sleep quality and test the mediating effect of worry during this association.In this section,a large sample of 1,329 adolescents with mean of age14.3(SD=1.55,ranged from 11 to 16)was recruited.The results of the research were as follows:(1)the total Cronbach’sαcoefficient of the CAQ was 0.93,and that for five sub-factors of CAQ ranged from 0.72 to 0.84.Composite reliability of the total CAQ was 0.95,and that for five sub-factors ranged from 0.70 to 0.84.Re-test reliability(interval 2 week)of the total CAQ was 0.87,and that for five sub-factors ranged from 0.67 to 0.87.CAQ was positively correlated with anxiety,depression,and stress,which showed it enjoyed well criterion-related validity.The results from confirmatory factor analysis(CFA)supported the well five-factors construct validity of CAQ.Multi-group structural equation modeling(Multi-group SEM)showed the five-factors construct of CAQ were strict invariance in sub-samples of both males and females,of adolescents in different grades.Furthermore,based on the results of the three-time tracking data shown strong invariance of CAQ.(2)Results of three-time tracking data showed that the slope of cognitive avoidance in the unconditional Latent Growth Modeling(LGM)is-0.36,indicating that the cognitive avoidance of adolescents has a significant downward trend.The variance of the unconditional LGM is also significant(p<0.001),indicating that the trend has significant individual differences.In the conditional latent growth model,the level of adolescents’initial cognitive avoidance is marginal significant in the grade(p=0.08),indicating that the initial score of the lower grade is lower than that of high grade one.And the initial value of cognitive avoidance level in boys was significantly higher than that of girls(p<0.05),meanwhile,the score of the only child was significantly higher than that of not-only child(p<0.001).Furthermore,there is a significant negative correlation between the intercept and slope,indicating that the initial level of adolescent cognitive avoidance has a significant effect on the rate of change in the later period.(3)A cross-sectional survey of 1,329 adolescents showed that the level of adolescents’cognitive avoidance was moderate(M=3.02).Gender difference manifested in cognitive avoidance(73.66 VS 77.44).Grade difference was also significant,the first grade was greater than the second grade(79.02 VS 77.06),high school was greater than junior high school(79.02、77.06 VS 73.48、73.54).There is no significant difference in the level of cognitive avoidance of the only child.(4)The total score of Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)was 5.47.Gender difference manifested in PSQI,females showed significantly greater cognitive avoidance than male(5.08 VS 5.84).And grade difference was also significant,Grade 2 in high school is significantly higher than the other grades(5.82 VS 5.06,5.39,5.64).(5)Cognitive avoidance was significantly positively related to PSQI and worry,and worry was also significantly positively related to PSQI.The mediating model fitted well(χ~2/df=7.61,RMSEA=0.08,CFI=0.90,TLI=0.88,SRMR=0.06).The results showed that cognitive avoidance not only directly predicted the PSQI,but also indirectly predicted it via the mediation role of worry.The mediate effect of worry was 0.13,accounting for 34.8%of the total effect.And the direct predictive effect of cognitive avoidance was 0.25,accounting for 65.2%of the total effect.In sum,this article supports that CAQ enjoys well reliabilities and validities in adolescents,which can be used to study adolescent-related problems.Cognitive avoidance in adolescents is at a medium level,and it gradually decreases with the growth of age.adolescent sleep quality is poor,which is influenced by cognitive factors such as cognitive avoidance and worry.Cognitive avoidance not only directly predicted the PSQI,but also indirectly predicted it via the mediation role of worry.Intervention and reduction of adolescents’cognitive avoidance problems,cutting off the cognitive pathway may be an effective way to improve adolescents’sleep quality. |
