Immigration,Reclamation And Grain:the Formation And Development Of Rice Industry Regionalization In Hunan,Hubei And Jiangxi In Ming And Qing Dynasties

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties,starting with Hongwu’s "Jiangxi filling Huguang",Jiangxi continued to export a large number of people to Huguang.The increase of population leads to the increase of labor force,cultivated land and grain yield,which accelerates the development process of Huguang.After Huguang’s grain meets the local consumption demand,there is surplus grain sent to other provinces.The grain is transported to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.In the process of grain transfer,many wharves and grain markets emerged,and the grain distribution center of Hunan,Hubei and Jiangxi began to take shape.The transportation route starts from Hunan rice producing area,and then concentrates to Hubei Province.After a part of its own consumption,it is transported from Hankou to the downstream.After Jiujiang gathered grain from Jiangxi Province,it entered the main channel of the Yangtze River with Huguang grain,reaching Suzhou,Zhejiang and other consumer places.In this way,the rice trade between Jiangxi and Huguang is closely linked,and the dynamic balance of supply and consumption is gradually formed.The development of rice industry in Hunan,Hubei and Jiangxi Province is from river to river.The trend of regionalization of rice industry in Hunan,Jiangxi and Hubei is beginning to show.At the same time,due to the population pressure,tax burden and economic structure changes,the grain production in Jiangnan is insufficient.Huguang received high-quality rice seeds and cultivation methods from Jiangxi and other places to improve grain yield.During the period of Kangxi and Qianlong,“huguangshu” took the place of “Suchangshu” and there is an economic phenomenon of cross regional rice grain allocation regulated by market factors.The division of labor between the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is gradually clear,and the rice industry of Hunan,Hubei and Jiangxi forms an efficient whole in the region.The wave of immigrants in the early Ming Dynasty also promoted the flow of Jiangxi businessmen in Huguang area.Behind the economic phenomenon of "Huguang is ripe and the world is full",Jiangxi businessmen have an important influence on the development of Huguang rice industry.Under the control of foreign businessmen,Huguang’s rice industry continued to develop and grow.During the reign of Emperor Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong,rice shops and grain stores were widely distributed in Huguang.Many economic towns dominated by rice industry appeared,and their rice industry organizations gradually became a system.However,due to excessive emphasis on grain commercialization and single agricultural economic structure,its subsequent development is also limited by the concept and system.