| Demographic transition refers to the transformation of population from high birth rate,high death rate and very low natural population growth rate to low birth rate,low death rate and low natural population growth rate.Developed countries took the lead in the first and second industrial revolutions and completed the demographic transition earlier.Under the trend of increasingly serious aging,to reverse the long-term low fertility level so as to avoid falling into the dilemma of economic and social development has always been the focus of developed countries to explore demographic issues,and has accumulated rich experience in the policy practice field of encouraging fertility.Along with the process of industrialization and rapid economic development,China has also entered the third stage of demographic transition.Although China began to implement the "universal two-child" policy in 2015,the effect of the policy on the recovery of the fertility rate is not obvious.The persistently low total fertility rate brings potential pressure to the financial burden,economic development and technological innovation in the age of aging with fewer children.It is very necessary to further improve China’s fertility policy.This paper adopts literature research and comparative analysis,choose to Japan,Singapore,Germany,South Korea,Norway and other five in birth to encourage countries with rich experience in the policy,analysis the process of changes in the fertility rate in nearly 60 years,combined with the five birth policy evolution and development process,evaluate its birth policy implementation effect,summarizes its policy experience or lessons,Based on the actual situation and national conditions of the population,resources,environment,economic and social development and other fields in China at the present stage,this paper puts forward specific policy suggestions to further encourage fertility.The paper is divided into four parts: The first part mainly summarizes the research background,significance,methods and innovation points of the paper.The second part mainly introduces the theory of population transition and the basic theory of public policy,and reviews the existing research results.The third part,through collecting and sorting out the fertility rate data of Singapore,South Korea,Germany,Japan,Norway and the evolution process of fertility policy,reveals the background,policy key points,implementation effects,and enlightenment to China’s fertility policy at the present stage.The fourth part,based on the current national conditions of our country,based on the principle of people-oriented and adapting to the national conditions,puts forward some suggestions to improve the population and birth policy of our country.The research shows that the fertility policies of Japan,Singapore,Germany,South Korea and Norway have their own characteristics,which are based on the national conditions of politics,economy,culture and education.Due to the limitation of the process of understanding the law of population and the influence of population inertia,most countries fail to grasp the timing of putting forward and improving the birth policy in time,resulting in the delay of the policy introduction and the ineffective policy.According to the research,the adjustment of China’s fertility policy should be based on China’s basic national conditions at the present stage,pay attention to the construction of social security system,connect the encouragement of fertility with the economic and social construction in housing,social security,public services,childcare facilities and other fields,and pay attention to promote and improve the birth-friendly social policy system. |
