Research On The Problems And Countermeasures Of The Construction Of National Qualifications Framework In China

National Qualifications Framework is the important safeguard for forging modern vocational education system.From a macro point of view,It is closely linked to the two major systems of the education world and the working world;From a micro point of view,It profoundly affects the lifelong learning and development of individuals.In recent years,national qualification framework construction has been put into practice in China,but there is still no complete Qualifications Framework.So this study attempts to focus on the key issues which have to be solved in the process of building a National Qualifications Framework,and find the answers to the questions on the basis of learning from overseas experience,in order to provide a certain policy reference for our construction of a National Qualifications Framework.After using the document analysis method,theoretical deduction method and comparative research method based on the new institutional theory by,the analytic framework is built.The study told us that what Qualifications Framework we need and further told us how to build the National Qualifications Framework suitable for China’s education,economic and social development need.The main content and conclusion of this study:（1）Four major functions of National Qualifications Framework: "Bookshelf" function of Standardizing the inclusion and managing all kinds of qualifications,"Ruler" function of objectively and uniformly measuring the achievement value of different types of learning,"Bridge" function of breaking down the "barriers" among common workers and getting through personal growth channels," Guide" function of training all kinds of talents unified standard.（2）The study shows that building National Qualifications Framework need solve 3 major key questions: The first one,standard elements,can be regarded as the "regulatory element" of the system,which is the basic criterion to realize all kinds of qualifications certification,accumulation and transform,is the key of the "guiding" function of National Qualifications Framework fully playing its role;The second one,mutual recognition of qualifications elements,can be regarded as a "normative element" of the system,It is the core of whether National Qualifications Framework can operate normally,and the key to for National Qualifications Framework fully to play its "bridge" function role and "ruler" function role.The third one,Quality Assurance elements,can be regarded as a "cultural-cognitive element" of the system,which is an important guarantee for the national qualification framework to be widely recognized and run smoothly by the society,is the key to for National Qualifications Framework fully to play its "Bookshelf"function role.According to the analysis,these 3 key questions is closely linked,and they are called problems of "Leading" and "ox nose’’ among all kinds of questions.（3）The standard system is the first key issue in the process of National Qualifications Framework,reflected in lack of unified reference,separation of diversified Qualifications standards system,weakness of theoretical basis,simple depending on empiricism,vague concept of construction,the guidance weakness of learning results.After comparing,all countries and regions insist on standard concept of achievement-oriented and ability-standard in building Qualifications standards,standard content of convergence and pluralism coexisting,construction mode of sustainable development’s dynamic evolution.Thus,the basic structure of National Qualifications standard system should be established,horizontal dimension should use "Knowledge,skills,ability" three-dimensional distinguish method,number of longitudinal grades is based on existing education and training system in our country;Description format should be regulated,adopting descriptive structure of the "scenario adding requirement",use concise standardized language,conscientiously improving maneuverability of National Qualifications standard;Establish a quality assurance mechanism and update the qualification standard timely.（4）Mutual recognition of seniority is the second key issue in the construction of National Qualifications Framework in China。Due to the lack of unified quantitative tools and matching safeguard measures,as well as the imperfect certification mechanism of learning results,the equivalent relationship among qualifications in China has not been fully established,the range of mutual recognition of qualifications is just limited to formal learning area.After comparing,it is found that the Hong Kong,China and the EU use "credits" as generic units,quantifying various qualifications,and they have built a relatively perfect certification mechanism to standardize the qualification certification.So,learner-centered universal credit standards should be constructed,in this process,we should emphasize both the "quantity" and "quality" of the credit,and strive to catch up with international credit calculation standards.A previous learning achievement certification mechanism should be established,specifically including making normative processes,and seeking technical support.We should design comprehensive supporting system,specifically including relevant policies and regulations accompanying governance system and supervision and feedback system and so on.（5）Quality Assurance is the third key issue in the construction of National Qualifications Framework in China.It is very necessary to building matching QA（Quality Assurance）in the process of constructing National Qualifications Framework.There are three main problems in the credit banks when quality assurance is set up: the organizational frame lacks of a system design;Complex intersect of Institutional sector function;short of communication and cooperation among the system.After comparison,it is found that both South Africa and the UK have strengthened their organizational structure and collaboration when building a quality assurance system,and paid attention to the important role of information technology in quality assurance.In this regard,we should construct a double guarantee mechanism,strictly control the quality of education and training starting from the qualification input link;Design a sound organizational structure,detailed the division of responsibilities of quality supervision;Build an integrated information platform to provide real-time data support for quality assurance work.