Study On The "Starting Up" And "Restarting" Of Officials In The Han Dynasty

"Start career" and "Picked-up officialdom" are an important part of the official system.As far as the specific meaning is concerned,starting a business means someone’s first career as an official;Getting started again means that after someone is dismissed from office,he re-enters the official position through various channels.Among them,starting a family is a process that all officials must go through,and starting a family again is a common phenomenon in the officialdom.Although it is said that “Zhou Li”,which was written in the early Western Zhou Dynasty,systematically recorded the bureaucratic system based on the "six officials",due to the lack of historical data,it was not until the Han Dynasty that a large number of records about officials’ starting and re-starting appeared.Based on the previous four histories and inscriptions,we have obtained a total of 632 cases of Han Dynasty officials starting a family and 464 cases of starting a family again.After Ying Zheng unified the six kingdoms,he established the first feudal Qin Dynasty in Chinese history.Many achievements in the bureaucratic system of the Qin Dynasty had an important influence on the beginning of the Han Dynasty officials.On the one hand,the central official system based on the system of three princes and nine ministers and the local official system based on the system of prefectures and counties established by the Qin Dynasty were inherited by the Han Dynasty;On the other hand,on the basis of absorbing the Qin State Baozi,recommending,recruiting and other official systems,the Han Dynasty created many other systems,including inspection,exercising,recommending,archery,shadowing,banishing,military merit,applying for letters.The complete system of starting a family,including accepting money and others,greatly facilitated the people of all classes to start a career as an official.In the process of reunification of the Qin state,in order to attract more talents,it was able to accept the commoners who started their careers in a wide range.The rapid disintegration of the powerful Qin Dynasty in the wave of peasant uprisings made Liu Bang,who also participated in the peasant uprisings,pay more attention to the commoner class after establishing the Han Dynasty,and selected commoners to start careers on a larger scale,further enhancing the enthusiasm of the scholars to start their careers.However,the feudal society could not get rid of the shackles of the concept of hierarchy after all.Compared with the commoners,the powerful class had more advantages when starting a family.After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,Confucianism was highly praised,and the study of the Five Classics in the Ming Dynasty was an important assessment condition for the imperial court to select officials.Those who were able to understand the scriptures usually had a high reputation,and they were also the targets of the central or local officials.In the aspect of starting an official position,the Western Han Dynasty placed great emphasis on judging,taking filial piety and integrity as a permanent subject,and the official positions worshiped were mainly langguan;The Eastern Han Dynasty was proud of the establishment of the call,and the official positions of the officials were mostly distributed in local government.During the Han Dynasty,in order to strengthen the management of officials,the court formulated various decrees to remove officials.Officials themselves will also be exempted or abandoned in some special circumstances.For these former officials,starting a career again is the choice of most people,thus forming a huge group of "starting careers" in the Han Dynasty.The reasons for the dismissal of re-starting officials in the Han Dynasty were complex and varied,which can be roughly divided into criminal dismissal,non-criminal dismissal,and self-dismissal.Therefore,the way for officials in the Han Dynasty to start again was mainly by direct expedition from the court.In addition,it also includes the removal of central or local chief officials,the inspection of the imperial court,the recommendation of officials and the people,and self-seeking,shooting strategies,and entering the valley.In the Han Dynasty,the court gave more preferential treatment to the old officials,and the new officials were mainly middle and senior officials with more than 600 stone.On the whole,the Han Dynasty did not have specific regulations on the re-start of the resignation of the deceased officials,the official position worshipped is not only lower than the former official position,but also higher than or equal to the former official position.Under the influence of the political environment,the ruler’s employment attitude,the senior officials’ qualifications and psychological conditions,the re-establishment of the old officials in the Han Dynasty has the characteristics of randomness,practicality and primitiveness.Because the old officials were more familiar with the political operation mode of the court,the old officials,including many retired officials,were regarded as an important talent reserve by the court,which saved the court the time and financial resources needed to retrain talented people.These former officials who have returned to officialdom tend to cherish their hard-earned positions even more,strive to make contributions and repay the court with political performance,and maintain the stability of the country and society while ensuring the normal operation of government machinery.Of course,everything has two sides,and frequent restarts also bring some negative effects.Especially during the Eastern Han Dynasty,re-starts tended to be flooded,which seriously damaged the normal selection system of the imperial court,and promoted the formation of an attitude of officials who were "less than duty-bound",which had a negative impact on government work.Among the groups of officials who started and re-started in the Han Dynasty,the children of the clan,the officials of the state,and the military officials were representative,and they could reflect the different treatment faced by different classes at the start and the start of the family from the micro level.Among them,the descendants of the clan,as the patrilineal blood relatives of the emperor,had higher official positions than other classes when they started or re-started,and their promotion was relatively faster.Fengguo officials,as subordinate officials of local feudal lords,were often appointed by the feudal lords and kings in the early Han Dynasty,as the contradiction between the imperial court and the feudal state continued to intensify,the imperial court gradually abolished the right of the princes and kings to appoint officials themselves,and those officials who started in the feudal state were replaced by the imperial court.Under the dual influence of the special political status of the officials of the feudal state and the special regulations of the imperial court for the selection and appointment of the officials of the state,the officials of the feudal state have the characteristics of being mainly from the feudal lords,low official positions,and emphasizing knowledge and fame.Military officials originally referred to officers at all levels in the army,and the subordinate officials of the generals and shogunates in the Han Dynasty were also included in the category of military officials.The way of starting his career is mainly to be a general,and most of the official positions are the subordinates of the generals.Since the main duty of military officials is to lead troops to fight,they still retain the system of "shangshougong" when they started,reflecting the obvious primitiveness.