The Spatiotemporal Pattern And Influencing Factors Of Private Education In Shandong Provinc

Strengthening the country through education is a major strategy implemented by our country.The balance of educational equity and high quality is an important connotation of people’s better life.At present,the allocation of high-quality educational resources in China is unbalanced and cannot meet the people’s needs for high-quality and differentiated education.The development of private education improves educational conditions and alleviates financial pressure to a certain extent.But its rapid expansion also has an obvious negative effect.It deviates from the public welfare essence of education under the duress of capital profit seeking,and cause serious burden and anxiety to the society.Therefore,in 2021,Chinese government implements stricter supervision and regulation on private education.Under this background,taking Shandong,a major education province,as the research area,exploring the temporal and spatial pattern of the distribution of private education and its influencing factors has important theoretical and practical significance for enriching the research of educational geography and optimizing the distribution of education resources.According to the stage and nature of education,this thesis divides private education into four categories: off-campus training,preschool education,secondary and lower academic education and higher education.Based on the construction of Shandong private education geographic information database,this thesis analyzes the evolution trend of regional differences and agglomeration characteristics of private education in Shandong from 2010 to 2020 by using the methods of Theil index,Ripley’s K function and kernel density estimation,excavate the laws of time evolution and spatial distribution,and use multi-scale geographically weighted regression model(MGWR)to explore the influencing factors and mechanism of the temporal and spatial pattern of private education.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)From 2010 to 2020,private education in Shandong Province developed rapidly and tended to be balanced.The number of off-campus training institutions and preschool education institutions both increased in a "J" trend,while the secondary and lower academic education increased at a nearly uniform rate,and only the number of higher education institutions increased slightly.In terms of regionaldifferences,the regional differences of off-campus training and preschool education finally reduced to close to those of secondary and lower academic education,while higher education was always the largest.(2)Private education in Shandong Province developed westward gradually,and formed a point-axis development pattern based on the increasingly clear multi-level gradient agglomeration distribution model.The results of gravity-center model and standard deviational ellipse model showed that the trend of private education moving westward obviously,only higher education expanded eastward,and the distribution of preschool education continued to moved southward.The nearest neighbor index and Ripley’s K function showed that private education was in an agglomeration pattern.The agglomeration scope of off-campus training and secondary and lower academic education was usually limited to built-up areas,while preschool education tended to take the county as the unit,and its layout highlighted fairness.The small-scale agglomeration characteristics of the three were weakening,the scope of location selection became larger.But higher education mostly formed agglomeration among suburbs,its scale of agglomeration characteristics was the largest,but it tended to small-scale agglomeration with time.The kernel density estimation showed that private education presented a point-axis development pattern,the distribution pattern of off-campus training evolved from the dual core pattern of Jinan and Qingdao to the curve-type point-axis pattern with the Beijing-Shanghai Railway and Qingdao-Jinan Railway as the development axis,and preschool education gradually formed a "C" shaped development axis belt with Jinan,Qingdao and Linyi as the main fulcrum,the secondary and lower academic education gradually changed from the parallel axis belt with the Lunan economic circle and the Qingdao-Jinan Railway as the development axis to the "T" shaped pattern with the western Shandong region and the Qingdao-Jinan Railway as the development axis,while the higher education gradually formed the "Π" shaped development belt composed of the Beijing Shanghai Railway,the Qingdao-Jinan Railway and the eastern coastal region from the dual core pattern of Jinan and Qingdao.In addition,colleges and universities were usually located at the fringe of central urban areas or beyond.However,other types of education gradually formed a gradient development pattern of cities,counties and towns through contact diffusion and hierarchical diffusion.(3)The spatial pattern and correlation characteristics of the number of private education institutions per capita changed obviously.In the prefecture level cities,the development level of private higher education in the suburbs had more obvious advantages,while the development level of other types of education mainly presented the core-periphery structure.Macroscopically,the high-level counties and districts of the development of off-campus training changed from multi-core point pattern to semi-circular arc pattern.In addition to Jinan and Qingdao,the high-level areas of the development of preschool education had gradually changed from eastern Shandong to central and western Shandong.Western Shandong had also replaced southern Shandong as a relatively high-level area of the development of secondary and lower academic education.Higher education gradually showed the distribution pattern of three groups led by provincial capital groups.In addition,the development level of private education had significant spatial autocorrelation,but the local spatial correlation characteristics of private education changed significantly.(4)The temporal and spatial pattern of private education was affected by political,economic,social and cultural factors from the supply side and the demand side.Economic development,higher entrance threshold,upgrading of industrial structure and improvement of social services could promote the development level of private education,while policy orientation,administrative intervention,population structure and market vitality factors had positive and negative effects at the same time,and the effect varied from place to place.Therefore,when formulating and implementing private education policies,the government should adjust measures according to local conditions,fully consider the objective factors such as regional economic development level,population age and education level structure,public education conditions and so on,steadily promote the quantity reduction and quality improvement of private education training,and fully ensure the public welfare attribute of compulsory education.